Osborne sobe a parada e avisa que, sem reformas, o
Reino Unido pode sair da UE
ANA FONSECA PEREIRA 15/01/2014 – in Público
Aviso chegou dias depois de deputados conservadores terem
exigido que o Parlamento britânico tenha poder de veto sobre a legislação
europeia. Ministro das Finanças diz que parceiros europeus não devem colocar
Londres perante escolhas difíceis.
O ministro das Finanças britânico, George Osborne, elevou um
pouco mais o tom da guerra surda que Londres trava há quase um ano com
Bruxelas, ao afirmar que os tratados europeus estão desadequados e que, sem
reformas políticas e económicas, o Reino Unido pode ser forçado a sair da União
Europeia. Um aviso que soa como mais uma tentativa para acalmar a ala
eurofóbica do Partido Conservador, que continua resistente a todas as
tentativas de compromisso do primeiro-ministro, David Cameron.
A nova acha foi lançada, enquanto os parceiros europeus
ainda digerem as últimas iniciativas anunciadas pelo Governo britânico para
desincentivar a imigração comunitária, um tema que aqueceu o final de 2013,
perante o fim anunciado das restrições impostas aos trabalhadores oriundos da
Roménia e Bulgária, sete anos depois da sua adesão. Além de nova legislação –
destinada a limitar o acesso dos cidadãos comunitários aos benefícios sociais
britânicos – Cameron diz que a livre circulação de pessoas não é um “direito
inquestionável” e quer que a UE discuta a possibilidade de, no futuro, impor
restrições adicionais para evitar “fluxos maciços” dos países mais pobres para
os mais ricos.
O presidente da Comissão Europeia foi o último dirigente europeu
a criticar este discurso, que faz também caminho noutros países do Norte da
Europa. “Não nos deixemos levar pelos estereótipos e pelos mitos”, disse Durão
Barroso, num discurso nesta quarta-feira no Parlamento Europeu. Sem mencionar
nenhum país pelo nome, o chefe do executivo europeu acusou alguns
Estados-membros de terem “uma ideia limitada e chauvinista da protecção dos
seus interesses”.
Uma mensagem que Londres não quis ouvir. À mesma hora, o
ministro das Finanças e principal aliado de Cameron afirmava que não haverá
futuro para o Reino Unido dentro da UE se o caminho de mais integração adoptado
pela zona euro marginalizar os países que ficaram de fora. “Estamos a esticar
ao limite a arquitectura institucional europeia”, disse Osborne durante uma conferência
em Londres, afirmando que os remédios encontrados para a crise do euro “correm
o risco de ir além do legalmente possível e politicamente sustentável”.
A renegociação dos tratados é uma luta do Governo britânico
desde que, há um ano, Cameron anunciou que, se vencer as legislativas de 2015,
pretende repatriar parte dos poderes transferidos para Bruxelas e só depois
(possivelmente em 2017) referendar a permanência do país na UE. A Comissão
Europeia e a maioria dos Estados-membros criticaram a iniciativa – não existe
uma UE à la carte, disseram –, mas agora Osborne veio desaconselhar os
parceiros de colocarem o Reino Unido perante uma escolha difícil. “Se não
conseguirmos proteger os interesses colectivos dos países que não pertencem à
zona euro, então eles serão obrigados a escolher entre aderir ao euro, o que o
Reino Unido não fará, ou sair da UE”, afirmou, acrescentando que “não é do
interesse de ninguém colocar o país perante essa escolha”.
Osborne insistiu que o caminho das reformas é também urgente
para inverter o declínio económico do bloco: “Que ninguém se engane, o nosso
continente está a ficar para trás. Olhem para a inovação, onde a fatia de
patentes europeias caiu para metade numa década, ou para o desemprego, com
quase um quarto dos jovens sem conseguirem arranjar trabalho.” O ministro das
Finanças, que preside a uma das recuperações económicas mais robustas dos Vinte
e Oito, apontou baterias ao que diz serem o excesso de regulação europeia sobre
os mercados financeiros e aos gastos com os apoios sociais e acrescentou: “O
maior risco económico para a Europa não vem de quem quer reformas, vem do
fracasso em reformar-se.”
Para lá dos recados a Bruxelas, o discurso de Osborne,
escreveu o Guardian, é uma manobra da liderança conservadora para “reassumir a
iniciativa” sobre a questão europeia depois de, no domingo, 95 deputados do
partido terem assinado uma carta em que pressionam Cameron a garantir que o
Parlamento britânico tem poder de veto sobre toda a legislação europeia.
Lembrando que a primazia da legislação europeia sobre as
leis nacionais é um dos princípios basilares UE, o colonista do Financial Times
Janan Ganesh escreveu que a iniciativa mostra que um “terço dos seus deputados
exige que Cameron conduza o Reino Unido para fora da UE antes de lhe dar
hipótese de renegociar os termos da adesão”. O Governo rejeitou a iniciativa,
mas vários analistas vêem-na como a confirmação de que, a meses das europeias e
com a perspectiva de uma forte votação (ou mesmo vitória) dos antieuropeus do Partido
da Independência (UKIP), não basta já a promessa de um referendo para
satisfazer os eurocépticos. “Cameron terá um dia de explicar quais são os seus
objectivos para a reforma da relação com a UE”, sublinhou o jornalista da BBC
John Landale na BBC. “Mas até lá são os deputados conservadores quem preenche o
vazio com as suas exigências.
Reino Unido. "Não nos forcem a escolher entre o
euro e a saída da UE"
Por Diogo Vaz Pinto
publicado em 16 Jan 2014 in (jornal) i online
Responsável das Finanças britânico deixa claro que se o país
for forçado a escolher entre o euro e a saída da UE, deixará a União
O secretário do Tesouro britânico, George Osborne, avisou
ontem que, forçada a escolher entre a adesão ao euro e a saída da União
Europeia, a última opção teria a preferência dos britânicos.
Num dos seus discursos mais decisivos sobre o projecto
europeu, Osborne insistiu que o Tratado de Lisboa terá de ser submetido a
significativas alterações de forma a evitar que os países da zona euro possam
impor legislação sobre serviços financeiros ao Reino Unido.
Na conferência promovida pelo centro de investigação Open
Europe (http://www.openeurope.org.uk/), o dirigente conservador lembrou que a partir de 2016 o grupo euro terá
os votos necessários ao abrigo do Tratado de Lisboa para aprovar aquela
legislação, a qual teria aplicação em toda a UE, incluindo nos dez
estados-membros fora da moeda única.
"A Europa precisa urgentemente de reformas económicas.
A integração na zona euro é necessária à sobrevivência da moeda, mas a
protecção jurídica adequada dos direitos dos países- -membros não integrados é
absolutamente necessária para preservar o mercado único e permitir que a
Grã-Bretanha permaneça na UE", acentuou.
O Tesouro britânico deverá examinar uma proposta avançada
por Andrea Leadsom, um membro do painel de aconselhamento político do
primeiro--ministro, que defendeu, em 2012, que devia ser concedido ao Reino
Unido um veto efectivo sobre legislação relativa a serviços financeiros. O
chamado "compromisso de Luxemburgo" - que permite que um
estado-membro impeça a votação pelo sistema de maioria qualificada quando um
interesse nacional vital estiver em jogo -, segundo Leadsom, poderia ser
invocado pelo governo britânico, uma vez que 60% da indústria de serviços
financeiros da UE está sedeada no Reino Unido.
Osborne descreveu a sua abordagem como uma via intermédia,
tendo procurado estabelecer um paralelo entre os eurocépticos radicais, que
pretendem ver o país abandonar a UE, e os pró-europeus, que defenderam a adesão
do país à moeda única no final da década de 1990. "Aquilo que une aqueles
que queriam ver a Grã-Bretanha aderir ao euro e aqueles que querem vê-la fora
da UE é a sua convicção partilhada de que não é possível alcançar uma reforma e
por isso não há alternativa. Mas há. Está na altura de mudar a UE e mudar a
relação da Grã-Bretanha com ela, e, enfim, pôr a decisão nas mãos do povo
britânico."
O Partido Conservador tem tentado reassumir a iniciativa
face ao projecto europeu depois de 95 deputados terem assinado um documento
exigindo que fosse concedido àquela câmara o poder de veto sobre todas as leis
europeias.
O executivo britânico afirmou que a proposta é irrealista,
dado que iria desmantelar um dos principais legados europeus estabelecidos por
Margaret Thatcher - o de negar aos estados-membros um veto nacional sobre as
regras do funcionamento do mercado único, impedindo que países como a França
impusessem medidas proteccionistas.
U.K. NEWS
U.K. Says EU Must Reform or Decline
Status Quo Condemns Europe to Ongoing Economic Crisis, Says
George Osborne
By NICHOLAS WINNING
Updated Jan. 15, 2014 / Wall Street Journal / http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702303819704579320892935352868
LONDON—U.K. Treasury chief George Osborne warned the
European Union on Wednesday that it faces a choice between reform and economic
decline and that he is determined to deliver a change in Europe and then let
Britons decide whether the country should remain a member of the bloc.
Although Prime Minister David Cameron has pledged that if he
wins a second term in 2015 he will renegotiate Britain's relationship with the
EU and then hold a national referendum on the U.K.'s membership under the
revised terms by the end of 2017, he continues to face calls from euroskeptic
lawmakers in his party to go further.
"It is the status quo which condemns the people of
Europe to an ongoing economic crisis and continuing decline. And so there is a
simple choice in Europe: reform or decline. Our determination is clear, to
deliver the reform and then let the people decide, and that's exactly what we
will do," Mr. Osborne told a conference on EU reform organized by a group
of Conservative lawmakers and a think tank.
Detailed EU plans to complete its single market in areas
such as services had come to nothing, he said. Innovative ideas were required
to overcome the vested interests that were preventing progress, he said, adding
that he was in favor of allowing smaller groups of EU member states to move
forward on trade liberalization among themselves if not all member states could
agree.
The British Chambers of Commerce said Mr. Osborne had set
out a strong case for reform but complained there were still no details one
year after Mr. Cameron had given his EU renegotiation and referendum pledge.
"Firms want action on areas such as employment and
health and safety laws, but also more information, so that they can plan ahead
to invest and explore international markets both within and outside the
EU," John Longworth, the director general of the business group, said in a
note.
Mr. Osborne said economic reform was inextricably linked to
constitutional reform in the bloc to make sure that the rights of EU countries
that don't share the euro were respected as the euro zone went through the
necessary process of closer integration. Current treaties that govern the EU
were "not fit for purpose," he said.
"They didn't anticipate that…some countries would
pursue dramatically deeper integration that others. Rather than face up to the
truth, those in Brussels are being forced into legal gymnastics as they try to
stretch the existing treaties to fit a situation they were not designed
for," he said.
Britain's withdrawal from a Europe it had succeeded in
reforming would be bad for the U.K., just as the departure of a country of the
U.K.'s size would be very damaging for the bloc, he said.
"Euro-zone integration is necessary if the euro is to
survive, but proper legal protection for the rights of non-euro members is
absolutely necessary to preserve the single market and make it possible for
Britain to remain in the EU," he said.
Britain's relationship with the EU has been an issue of
fierce debate among the country's political classes for years, particularly
within the traditionally euroskeptic Conservative party, even though polls show
it isn't a prime concern of the electorate.
Like his Conservative predecessors, Mr. Cameron—who once
criticized his party for "banging on about Europe"—has faced repeated
challenges from euroskeptic wing of his party despite his referendum plan. That
pledge has also raised fears Britain could eventually exit the bloc, a move
some have warned would damage its economy and global standing.
"All of us know change in Europe is needed, but the
tragedy is that David Cameron's internal party weakness is preventing him from
approaching the need for reform in a sensible way," Douglas Alexander, the
foreign affairs spokesman of the opposition Labour Party, said in a statement
Wednesday.
The EU debate within the Conservative party also has been
fueled by concerns about the electoral threat of the small but vocal United
Kingdom Independence Party that opposes Britain's membership in the bloc.
Support for UKIP threatens to split the right-wing vote and hurt the
Conservatives' chances in the 2015 general election.
The pressure on Mr. Cameron grew again last weekend when
Conservative lawmaker Bernard Jenkin sent a letter to the prime minister
calling for him to consider giving parliament the power to veto current and
future EU laws and allow British lawmakers to scrap EU legislation in Britain.
Mr. Jenkin's office said the letter was supported by 95 Conservative lawmakers,
about one third of the total.
The idea was slapped down by Foreign Secretary William
Hague, while the Liberal Democrats, the smaller pro-European party in the
governing coalition, described it as "potty" and warned that
Conservative bickering about the EU was bad for the country.
"If national parliaments all around the European Union
were regularly and unilaterally able to choose which bits of EU they would
apply and which bits they wouldn't, well then the European single market
wouldn't work," Mr. Hague said in an interview with Sky News on Sunday.
Write to Nicholas Winning at nick.winning@wsj.com
Ukip leader Nigel Farage has called for Britain to leave the
EU, but 'the idea that Britain’s economic prospects would actually improve were
it to leave the EU is deeply misguided.' Photograph: Sean Smith for the
Guardian
Britain's prosperity depends on trade with Europe,
whatever Ukip may say
Let's listen to small
businesses that rely on European trade, not Ukip's invocation to ditch the EU
for emerging markets
Paul Haydon
theguardian.com, Friday 21 September 2012 / http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/sep/21/britain-prosperity-depends-eu-trade-ukip
It is high time Britain left the ailing EU and its
burdensome regulations and embraced trade with fast-growing emerging economies.
That was the argument put forward by Nigel Farage at his keynote speech this
morning at the Ukip conference. It's an argument that also chimes with a
growing body of opinion about the EU's diminishing importance for British
trade, with recent trading statistics showing that Britain's non-EU exports
have risen to their highest levels since records began in 1998 while exports to
the beleaguered eurozone continue to fall. However, the idea that Britain's
economic prospects would actually improve were it to leave the EU is deeply
misguided.
Significantly, the EU remains the favoured export
destination for the small and medium-sized enterprises that form the backbone
of the British economy, and which are essential for an export-led recovery and
a move away from Britain's over-reliance on the financial sector. A report by
the Federation of Small Businesses found that 87% of its members export to the
European Economic Area, compared to less than 13% exporting to each of the Bric
economies. Meanwhile the British Chambers of Commerce's annual survey found
that it is overwhelmingly large firms who are expanding trade with major
emerging markets, while smaller businesses see the EU as providing the best
opportunities for export growth.
This is because most small firms lack the financial and
human resources required to overcome the many challenges presented by emerging
markets: language barriers, foreign legal systems, high tariffs and
intellectual property theft. More fundamentally, low transport costs and rapid,
visa-free travel make exporting to Europe far more manageable. A business
employing fewer than 10 people can't afford to send an employee out to China
for a week to meet potential partners, let alone come to grips with the Chinese
bureaucracy and legal system. Exporting to the Brics therefore remains largely
an elite affair, available only to those truly global firms who can afford the
necessary armies of lawyers, accountants and translators.
While small firms have made some inroads into emerging
markets, notably in India, they have tended to remain reliant on government
assistance or costly intermediaries. The EU thus remains vital as an affordable
and hassle-free export destination.
Undeniably, we are seeing a profound restructuring of the
global economy, and as the relative importance of Europe diminishes it is
natural that British firms will increasingly seek to exploit new opportunities
in emerging markets such as the Brics.
Importantly though, the EU can often act as a stepping stone
for smaller firms, allowing them to expand the scale of their business in a
secure and open environment before attempting to enter more difficult markets.
The single market also allows firms to easily forge links with businesses on
the continent, which can then be used as a springboard to open up new prospects
elsewhere. For example, one small consultancy firm I spoke to has helped micro
businesses from the north-east of England pair up with their counterparts in
Poland and Lithuania to then penetrate the Russian market. Similar
opportunities abound, for example through the close trading relations between
Spain and Mexico or Portugal and Brazil, and the significant expansion of small
German firms into China. By forging partnerships with European businesses and
learning from their successes, British firms will be better placed to overcome
existing barriers and expand into emerging markets. Instead of perceiving there
to be a stark choice between trading with the EU or with the rest of the world,
we should be seeing Europe as complementary to our global trading strategy.
Tariff barriers remain one of the biggest concerns for small
businesses, meaning the negotiation of free trade agreements is one of the most
important opportunities for future growth. The EU already has free trade
agreements in place with 45 countries, including a new deal signed with South
Korea in March which will bring an estimated £500m a year to the British
economy. Further trade agreements are currently being negotiated with India and
Canada, with potential trade deals with the US and Japan in the pipeline. If
the UK left the EU, we would have to start negotiating these trade deals from
scratch. Moreover, without the weight of the world's largest common market of
500 million wealthy consumers behind us, we would end up with far less
favourable terms when negotiating with the world's economic superpowers.
There are many other benefits accrued to small businesses
from EU membership, including access to credit from the European Investment
Bank, as well as foreign investments which are often motivated by the UK's
proximity and access to the single market. Indeed, some studies estimate
foreign direct investment into the UK could fall by over a third if it leaves
the EU.
On the one major aspect of EU membership which is a
significant burden on small businesses, cumbersome EU regulations and red tape,
there has been some much-needed progress, and there are further plans to exempt
small businesses from all EU regulations unless they can be proven beneficial.
There are also significant benefits to be gained for small firms from plans
boost e-commerce in services by expanding the single market to digital sector.
So despite the ongoing problems in the eurozone, Britain's
future prosperity continues to be inextricably linked to our trading
relationship with Europe. Tellingly, a recent poll found that while largely
opposing further political integration, almost 90% of UK businesses continue to
support EU membership. As conference season begins and an eventual referendum
on EU membership draws ever closer, it is these pragmatic businesses we should
be listening to, not the irrational voice of Ukip.
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