Europe
goes hot Turkey
The
migration crisis has thrown the EU and Ankara together. The next
chapter will determine if the relationship can last.
By ERNEST MARAGALL
11/29/15, 7:00 AM CET Updated 11/30/15, 1:04 AM CET
Europe faces the
biggest refugee crisis since World War II and has so far failed to
come up with a fair and sustainable solution. Since the outbreak of
the Syrian civil war in March 2011, Turkey has welcomed more than 2
million Syrian refugees fleeing for their lives, making Turkey the
largest refugee-hosting country in the world.
In an effort to stem
the flow of refugees trying to cross into Europe, the EU has turned
to Turkey in desperation. The EU hopes to finalize a deal with Turkey
at Sunday’s high-level summit which will bring together the 28 EU
leaders and the Prime Minister of Turkey for the first time since
2004.
But trying to
outsource Europe’s refugee crisis to Turkey is not a credible
long-term solution. The final deal should not only include
substantial financial support to Turkey but also a shared European
responsibility in tackling the issue.
While the Syrian
refugee crisis has also produced an unexpected rapprochement between
Turkey and the European Union, the urgency of the humanitarian crisis
should not be used as a bargaining chip by either side.
Linking any
migration deal to Turkey’s EU accession negotiations risks of
jeopardizing the credibility of EU’s enlargement policy. One of
Jean-Claude Juncker’s priorities as Commission president was that
no further enlargement would take place during his mandate. A year
after Juncker took office, the EU is believed to be offering new
incentives in exchange for Turkey’s cooperation on the refugee
crisis. These incentives include granting visa-free travel rights to
Turks by 2016 — a year earlier than envisaged in the visa
liberalization roadmap — and the opening of a few negotiation
chapters. Almost all of these incentives are subject to political
veto.
* * *
Before the refugee
crisis hit Europe, Turkey’s relations with the EU were in a state
of slumber. The last time a chapter was opened for negotiation, on
regional policy, was November 2013. To date, only 14 of the 33
chapters that require negotiations have been opened and only one has
been closed.
Enlargement
negotiations with Turkey reached a technical stalemate due to
political unwillingness to move forward ever since negotiations
started 10 years ago, an anniversary that has gone by largely
unnoticed. The failure to resolve the Cyprus issue remains one of the
major stumbling blocks in Turkey’s road to EU membership. Hopefully
by next spring, renewed negotiations currently taking place between
the Greek and Turkish Cypriot leaders will lead to a concrete plan to
reunite the island.
As no substantial
progress was achieved in the negotiations, the EU gradually lost any
leverage it had to promote EU-inspired reforms that ensure respect
for the rule of law, democracy and fundamental rights. In parallel,
the Erdoğan-led AKP (Justice and Development Party) government has
lost its appetite for reform, leaning towards a more authoritarian
style of government.
Now, it seems, the
tables have turned. As Europe needs Turkey to stem the flow of
refugees, so Turkey is trying to assert greater influence over
Brussels. The postponement of the Commission’s progress report on
Turkey until after the November 1 snap elections is just one example.
Despite attempts to
downgrade Turkey’s relationship with the EU, Turkey formally
remains a candidate country for EU accession. In the eyes of the EU,
Turkey should not solely be treated as a “strategic ally” with
whom to cooperate in areas of shared interest — migration today;
whatever new geostrategic challenge comes tomorrow — but as an
aspiring candidate to membership who must comply with a set of rules
and standards.
In recent years the
Turkish government has taken measures that pushed the country away
from meeting the EU’s Copenhagen accession criteria. The
impartiality and independence of Turkey’s judiciary were deeply
undermined, freedom of expression and the media repeatedly came under
threat, the human rights situation in the country deteriorated
sharply and hopes of a peaceful resolution of the Kurdish question
vanished when the ceasefire broke down in July.
The EU cannot remain
silent while Turkey continues to backtrack from democracy. The new
rapprochement between Brussels and Ankara presents the best chance in
years to bring Turkey back into the democratic fold. The EU must
re-engage with Turkey constructively and regain its transformative
power through active and credible accession negotiations.
After all, ensuring
that Turkey remains a stable democracy is in the EU’s best
interests. Had the EU done so a decade ago, Turkey would certainly
look like a different country today.
* * *
The new Turkish
government also needs to prove its commitment to the EU accession
process by returning to the reform agenda. Looking increasingly like
its troubled neighbors, Turkey should turn to the EU as its most
reliable partner in the region and strengthen its cooperation in
addressing common security challenges. Turkey should act responsibly
in the fight against ISIL while reaffirming its support for the
efforts of the international coalition.
After regaining the
majority it lost in June, Turkey’s ruling AKP should abandon its
authoritarian style of government and reinstate a culture of
political reconciliation between all ethnic and religious groups in
the country. The process of redrafting Turkey’s current
constitution, put in place after the 1980 military coup, should serve
as the foundation for a renewed social contract and a consolidated
democratic system.
At the same time,
the EU should put pressure on Ankara to address human rights and
democracy shortcomings while promoting democratization efforts by not
holding the enlargement negotiations hostage to political
considerations.
At present both
Turkey and the EU are confronted with a choice. The EU must choose
between bringing Turkey closer by demanding real reform efforts or
considering the country an occasional strategic ally. In turn, Turkey
must decide whether it wants to play an active role in creating a
stronger and shared Europe or continue to pursue its ambition to
exercise regional leadership.
Ernest Maragall is a
member of the EU-Turkey Delegation, and the Group of the
Greens/European Free Alliance in the European Parliament.
Authors:
Ernest Maragall
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