sábado, 31 de dezembro de 2016
Brexit vote sparks rush of British Jews seeking Portuguese passports
Brexit
vote sparks rush of British Jews seeking Portuguese passports
More
Sephardic Jews are applying for citizenship of Portugal under law
making amends for expulsion centuries ago
Sam Jones in Madrid
@swajones
Saturday 31 December
2016 07.00 GMT
The UK’s decision
to leave the European Union has fuelled an 80-fold increase in the
number of British Sephardic Jews seeking Portuguese citizenship under
a recent law intended to make amends for their ancestors’ expulsion
from the Iberian peninsula more than 500 years ago.
Last year both Spain
and Portugal brought in legislation to facilitate the return of the
descendants of the thousands of Jews who were forced from the
countries at the end of the 15th century.
The Spanish
government said the offer of citizenship was intended to right the
“historical wrong” that saw the country’s Jewish community
exiled, forced to convert to Catholicism or burned at the stake.
Portugal said that while there was no way to make up for what had
been done, the offer of citizenship represented “an attribution of
a right”.
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In the wake of
June’s Brexit vote, however, a rapidly increasing number of British
Sephardic Jews have been applying for Portuguese citizenship as a way
to deal with the uncertainty created by the leave victory.
According to the
Jewish Community of Oporto – which, along with the Lisbon Jewish
community, is certifying applicants – demand from the UK has soared
since 23 June.
Dr Michael Rothwell,
a delegate to the community, said it had received just five
applications before Brexit compared with 400 in the two months
following the vote.
“I think people
are a bit nervous about this and therefore feel that having a
European Union passport would be an advantage even if they are not
necessarily planning to move to Portugal,” he said. “Having
citizenship of an EU country has its benefits.”
Rothwell said the
community had not been surprised by the rush for Portuguese
passports, adding that the number of individuals applying was greater
that 400 as many had applied in groups. Although there are no precise
figures, the UK’s Sephardic population is estimated to be in the
thousands.
Alison Rosen,
executive director of the S&P Sephardi Community in London, said
its archivists had also seen a rise in the number of people inquiring
about their Sephardic ancestry.
“One hundred per
cent, the minute Brexit happened, we definitely saw an increase in
volume and I think it’s continuing,” she said. “In the past, we
had a handful of people and it’s now a steady flow of people. In
the past we might have got one a month and now it’s a couple a week
or something.”
However, Spain’s
Federation of Jewish Communities said it had not seen a similar rise
in UK applications after Brexit, perhaps because the language tests
required by the Spanish government are pushing would-be applicants to
try the Portuguese route, which makes no linguistic demands on
applicants. The UK does not feature among the Spanish government’s
top 10 countries for applications, a list led by Argentina, Israel,
Venezuela, the US and Canada.
Gillie Traeger, a
45-year-old teaching assistant from Greater London, is one of those
now seeking Portuguese nationality. For her, the offer of citizenship
is a matter of recognising both her Sephardic roots and asserting her
wider European identity in the aftermath of Brexit.
“There’s kind of
a sense of pride from coming from this very old Jewish family in
England,” she said. “[But] historically, I don’t feel like I’m
just English. I feel I’m European and would like to stay that way.
Having the opportunity to do this is rather nice, actually.”
Another British
descendant of Sephardic Jews, who did not want to give his name, said
his decision to apply for Portuguese citizenship had been political
and pragmatic.
“The moment that I
heard about the decree in Portugal, I said to my wife: ‘If we leave
the European Union, I’m going to apply for Portuguese
citizenship,’” he said.
“I’m literally
in mourning about Brexit. I’m a European, a cosmopolitan and I
think all forms of nationalism are pretty hateful. If you look at the
19th and 20th century and see what nationalism does, it’s not a
history to be particularly proud of.”
Particularly
distasteful, he added, had been the rhetoric surrounding the debate
with its familiar attacks on “the hated Johnny Foreigner”.
“My going for
Portuguese citizenship is in part symbolic; it’s in part protest
and in part the embracing of a particular cultural heritage. But it’s
in part the practicality of being able to travel in Europe without
having to produce a non-European passport.”
Yoram Zara, an
Israeli lawyer representing Sephardic Jews from all over the world,
said the reasons for the rise in applications were self-evident.
“They are used to
being a part of the European Union and enjoying all the privileges
and rights of European citizens,” he said. “Now there’s some
uncertainty about what will happen in the coming years, so it’s
safe to have it if you intend to live, work or study in the EU or to
retire there. Having a Portuguese, EU passport certainly shouldn’t
harm you and might give you things that a British passport will no
longer allow you to have.”
Zara and Rothwell
said that while applications to Portugal from the UK were on the
increase, there was also strong interest from Turkey, which welcomed
many Sephardic Jews following the expulsion from Spain and Portugal.
Five hundred years
on, the dwindling community has found itself the target of terrorist
atrocities, and many feel increasingly unwelcome in Turkey’s
shifting political climate.
“This law came out
at a time when precisely Turkish Jews are feeling under stress from
the political changes that are taking place in Turkey,” said
Rothwell.
“Five hundred
years ago, Spain and Portugal expelled the Jews and the Sultan of the
Ottoman empire received them very happily – it was a very good deal
– and they have been living in those areas very happily for 500
years, but now the circle is kind of closing because the Turkish Jews
are not feeling very safe where they are, and so you have the
inverse.”
Zara said that
Sephardic Jews in Turkey were now applying in their “hundreds and
thousands”.
He added: “They
are concerned – and I think the last few months have proved them
right – because things are not stable in Turkey and maybe they will
need to leave if things get worse.”
Despite the
emollient words from Madrid and Lisbon, though, some of those whose
ancestors were persecuted and chased from their homes are still left
pondering the epic injustice of it all.
“To them it may be
an offer of amends but to me it’s part of my cultural identity and
heritage,” said Misty Kenney, who applied for Portuguese
citizenship before the Brexit vote.
“I’m surprised
they didn’t start doing this years ago. If it wasn’t for the
inquisition maybe I would be in Portugal today.”
Portugal runs for four days straight on renewable energy alone
Portugal
runs for four days straight on renewable energy alone
Zero
emission milestone reached as country is powered by just wind, solar
and hydro-generated electricity for 107 hours
Arthur Neslen
Wednesday 18 May
2016 14.59 BST
Portugal kept its
lights on with renewable energy alone for four consecutive days last
week in a clean energy milestone revealed by data analysis of
national energy network figures.
Electricity
consumption in the country was fully covered by solar, wind and hydro
power in an extraordinary 107-hour run that lasted from 6.45am on
Saturday 7 May until 5.45pm the following Wednesday, says the
analysis by the Sustainable Terrestrial System Association and the
Portuguese Association of Renewable Energies (Apren).
News of the zero
emissions landmark comes just days after Germany announced that clean
energy had powered almost all its electricity needs on Sunday 15 May,
with power prices turning negative at several times in the day –
effectively paying consumers to use it.
Oliver Joy, a
spokesman for the Wind Europe trade association said: “We are
seeing trends like this spread across Europe - last year with Denmark
and now in Portugal. The Iberian peninsula is a great resource for
renewables and wind energy, not just for the region but for the whole
of Europe.”
James Watson, the
CEO of SolarPower Europe said: “This is a significant achievement
for a European country, but what seems extraordinary today will be
commonplace in Europe in just a few years. The energy transition
process is gathering momentum and records such as this will continue
to be set and broken across Europe.”
Last year, wind
provided 22% of electricity and all renewable sources together
provided 48%, according to the Portuguese renewable energy
association.
While Portugal’s
clean energy surge has been spurred by the EU’s renewable targets
for 2020, support schemes for new wind capacity were reduced in 2012.
Despite this,
Portugal added 550MW of wind capacity between 2013 and 2016, and
industry groups now have their sights firmly set on the green
energy’s export potential, within Europe and without.
“An increased
build-out of interconnectors, a reformed electricity market and
political will are all essential,” Joy said. “But with the right
policies in place, wind could meet a quarter of Europe’s power
needs in the next 15 years.”
In 2015, wind power
alone met 42% of electricity demand in Denmark, 20% in Spain, 13% in
Germany and 11% in the UK.
In a move hailed as
a “historic turning point” by clean energy supporters, UK
citizens last week enjoyed their first ever week of coal-free
electricity generation.
Watson said: “The
age of inflexible and polluting technologies is drawing to an end and
power will increasingly be provided from clean, renewable sources.”
• This article was
amended on 19 May and 21 December 2016. An earlier version said that
in 2013 Portugal generated 27% of its electricity from nuclear, 13%
from hydro, 7.5% from wind and 3% from solar, according to Eurostat
figures. In fact those figures are for the whole of the EU; Portugal
does not have any nuclear power plants. The organisations that
undertook the analysis, which were not identified initially, have
been added. After publication, it was pointed out that some
fossil-fuel-generated power is used, for example, for pumping in
hydro schemes. Notwithstanding that element, Apren says, renewable
energy generated enough power to meet Portugal’s demand over the
four days.
EU waits on Donald Trump for next Russian sanctions move / Donald Trump praises 'great move' by Vladimir Putin for not ordering tit-for-tat expulsions / Transition From Barack Obama to Donald Trump Turns Tense
EU
waits on Donald Trump for next Russian sanctions move
The
U.S. measures underscore European divisions.
By SARA STEFANINI
AND NICHOLAS VINOCUR 12/30/16, 8:08 PM CET
Europe watched
Barack Obama’s retaliatory steps against Russian election hacking
with keen interest. But America’s closest allies are looking to his
replacement for cues on their next move.
Donald Trump’s
call on whether to keep the Obama-era sanctions against the Kremlin
in place will most likely determine whether Europe hunkers down for a
long fight with Moscow in cyberspace and elsewhere.
Obama’s decision
on Thursday to expel 35 alleged intelligence officers and take other
steps in response to cyber-meddling in the U.S. election comes at a
time of deep divisions in Europe over policy toward Russia. There is
growing pressure from countries such as Italy and Hungary to lift
existing sanctions imposed over Russia’s actions in Ukraine. More
hawkish nations, led by the U.K., France and Germany, want new
penalties over Russia’s intervention in Syria. There is also fear
that Russia will use the same disruptive techniques as it reportedly
used in the U.S. to influence key 2017 elections in France and
Germany.
Publicly, European
leaders have largely kept quiet about the U.S. move. But officials
and analysts say the real impact across the Atlantic will be felt
after Inauguration Day. “For the EU, it depends on what Trump
does,” said Mark Leonard, director of the European Council on
Foreign Relations.
If Trump cancels
these new sanctions and rolls back those over Russia’s annexation
of Crimea, the EU will be pressed to follow suit. “The nightmare
for European countries is to play bad cop to America’s good cop,”
Leonard added. “If [Trump] recognizes the annexation of Crimea and
starts to remove sanctions, it puts the EU in an intolerable
position.”
EU leaders extended
the bloc’s economic sanctions against Russia earlier this month
until July 31 2017. In October, they shied away from imposing new
sanctions over what British Prime Minister Theresa May called
Russia’s “sickening atrocities” in Syria — despite a strong
push from the U.K., France and Germany.
Trump has so far
shown he cares little for the party line, so his position is
unpredictable.
It’s as hard to
remove as to add sanctions and the divisions among the EU countries
favor the status quo. Barring an unexpected Russian military
disengagement from the conflict in Ukraine, the only game changer
would be an American move to drop sanctions, said Marek Wąsiński,
an analyst at the Polish Institute for International Affairs. “If
there is a lack of trans-Atlantic vision of how to respond to Russia,
and if the United States withdraws from these plans, then Europe
should be in the same position,” he said.
Obama quickly
received support from senior U.S. Republican congressmen, who
welcomed the sanctions as being “long overdue.” That makes it
harder for Trump to undo the move, which would open him to charges of
being a Kremlin ally. That said, Trump has so far shown he cares
little for the party line, so his position is unpredictable.
Russian President
Vladimir Putin appeared to ingratiate himself with the next
president, announcing on Friday that Moscow would not expel any
American diplomats in response to the U.S. ejecting 35 Russian
officials — or take other retaliatory actions until Trump takes
office.
“Although we have
reason to retaliate, we will not resort to irresponsible ‘kitchen’
diplomacy but will plan our further steps to restore Russia-U.S.
relations based on the policies of the Trump administration,” the
Kremlin said in a statement.
The looming cyber
threat
The justification
for the new U.S. sanctions is that Russia interfered in its elections
— charges backed up in a report published Thursday by the U.S.
Department of Homeland Security and the Federal Bureau of
Investigation, laying out the methods used by the Russian
intelligence services.
A European diplomat
said his foreign ministry had already passed the U.S. report to its
intelligence services to analyze, but noted that it echoes
cyberattacks in his own country, though not related to elections.
“We were more in
favor, like other countries, of extending the existing sanctions”
rather than strengthening or expanding them, the diplomat said, on
condition of anonymity. “But if this report is technically
substantiated … we can’t remain still.”
There is growing
fear that the Kremlin is planning similar measures elsewhere in the
EU in order to get back at some of its fiercest critics, the diplomat
said.
“France
permanently and with the greatest vigilance tracks anything that
could affect its sovereignty and the regular democratic expression of
it” — French foreign ministry statement issued Friday.
German government
officials worry the Kremlin has set its sights on Chancellor Angela
Merkel, who has condemned Russian actions in Syria and Ukraine, and
who faces a probable September election.
The chief of
Germany’s internal security service warned this month of attempts
to influence the outcome of elections in his country, as did the head
of France’s ANSSI cyber-security agency though without naming
Russia, due to a strict French diplomatic tradition of not naming
countries suspected of espionage.
“France
permanently and with the greatest vigilance tracks anything that
could affect its sovereignty and the regular democratic expression of
it,” said a French foreign ministry statement issued Friday.
In November,
France’s National Secretariat of Defense and National Security, a
coordinating agency linked to the prime minister’s office, held a
seminar to educate political parties, pollsters and companies that
handle electronic voting about the risk of hacking.
And on Wednesday
Sébastien Pietrasanta, a Socialist MP, sent a written question to
the government expressing further concerns about the security of
electronic voting devices, which are used in some communes in France.
“As we saw with
the hacking of computers belonging to the Democratic Party in the
United States, the possibility of an attack on these machines is not
to be ruled out,” wrote Pietrasanta.
The Kremlin may have
an interest in the election in France of a pro-Moscow candidate who
could tip the balance of power in Europe toward lifting economic and
diplomatic sanctions against Russia.
The Conservative
former Prime Minister François Fillon, who is currently leading the
polls, is a forceful advocate for warmer relations with Russia, as
well as the lifting of sanctions. He met with Putin after leaving
office and is reported by French media to have personal ties with the
Russian leader.
Center-left
presidential candidate Emmanuel Macron also called this year for
lifting Russian sanctions, and National Front chief Marine Le Pen is
a vocal advocate for Russia. In 2014, her euroskeptic party accepted
€11 million in loans from Russian-backed financial institutions, a
transaction that some speculated may have been linked to her
recognition of Russia’s annexation of Crimea.
While France’s
position in Russia may change after the May election, a German shift
is much less likely because Merkel is expected to win a fourth term
as chancellor, analysts said.
A pro-Russian
political shift in Western Europe could leave Central and Eastern
Europe isolated.
“From the Polish
position, there is no change when it comes to the situation in
Ukraine,” said Wąsiński. “We cannot agree on canceling the
sanctions.”
Authors:
Sara Stefanini and
Nicholas Vinocur
Donald
Trump praises 'great move' by Vladimir Putin for not ordering
tit-for-tat expulsions
Mr
Trump has again used Twitter to conduct his political outreach
Andrew Buncombe New
York @AndrewBuncombe
Donald Trump has
praised Vladimir Putin for not ordering tit-for-tat expulsions
following the decision by Barack Obama to oust 35 Russian diplomats.
In a move that will
likely lead to the President-elect’s critics claiming he appears
more loyal to the Russian leader than the US president, Mr Trump said
it was a “great move” by the Kremlin.
A day after Mr Obama
ordered the expulsion of the Russian enjoys and the closing of two
compounds used by the diplomats, Mr Putin surprised many observers by
not reciprocating in kind. In a clever piece of political chess, he
said Russia would not lower itself to the level of “kitchen”
diplomacy”. He even invited the children to US diplomats in the US
to attend a New Year’s celebration at the Kremlin.
Follow
Donald J. Trump ✔
@realDonaldTrump
Great move on delay
(by V. Putin) - I always knew he was very smart!
8:41 PM - 30 Dec
2016
26,436 26,436
Retweets 70,327 70,327 likes
Mr Putin also made
clear that he could order further responses depending on what steps
Mr Trump takes when he assumes the US presidency on January 20. On
Thursday, Mr Trump had issued a statement saying that the American
people needed to move on to more important issues.
On Friday, after Mr
Putin played his hand, Mr Trump said on Twitter that he thought the
Russian leader’s decision was a “great move”. He added: “I
always knew he was very smart!.”
During the election
campaign, Mr Trump repeatedly praised Mr Putin’s leadership, an
issue on which he stood in sharp contrast to his Republican
colleagues. He also said he was ready to begin a new relationship
with Russia, after eight years under Mr Obama during which things
have become very strained.
Trump's advisor
suggests Obama's sanctions against Russia are to 'box in' the
incoming President
Yet Mr Trump stoked
the greatest controversy over the issue of Russia’s alleged hacking
of emails belonging to Hillary Clinton’s top adviser and members of
the Democratic National Committee. Firstly, Mr Trump encouraged
Russia to hack Ms Clinton and find her “missing emails”.
US intelligence has
since said it believed Russia was behind the hacking of the emails,
which were subsequently passed to Wikileaks, and similar sights. Many
reports say a consensus among the intelligence community is that
Russia was seeking to influence the election in favour of Mr Trump.
Mr Trump has
rejected the findings and said agencies such as the CIA cannot be
trusted given that they were wrong over their claims over Saddam
Hussein’s weapons of mass destruction.
Mr Obama ordered the
closure of compounds in Maryland and New York (AP)
On Friday, the US
authorities took possession of two “luxurious retreats” used by
Russian diplomats to swim, sail and relax, a day after Barack Obama
announced sanctions in in retaliation for Moscow’s alleged
interference in the presidential election.
The Associated Press
said that shortly before noon, caravans of diplomatic vehicles
departed both Russian compounds under the watch of US State
Department agents.
It said the 45-acre
Maryland included a brick mansion along the Corsica River in the
Eastern Shore region. Reports indicate it was bought by the Soviet
Union in 1972 and served as a getaway for its diplomats in nearby
Washington.
Meanwhile, in New
York, Russian diplomatic staff were similarly evicted from a mansion
on Long Island’s Gold Coast. The estate, once called Elmcroft, is
in the town of Oyster Bay and was purchased by the Soviets in 1952.
Transition
From Barack Obama to Donald Trump Turns Tense
After
warm start, White House changeover gets messy as agendas collide
By PETER NICHOLAS
and CAROL E. LEE
Updated Dec. 31,
2016 1:39 a.m. ET
President Barack
Obama and his successor Donald Trump are making moves that tread on
each other’s turf and complicate the other’s agenda, creating one
of the messiest White House transitions in recent years.
Since Election Day,
Mr. Obama has taken some of the most far-reaching actions of his
eight-year presidency, leaving Mr. Trump to manage the fallout and
narrowing his options once he takes office. He also plans a final
major address the week before the inauguration that will reflect on
his policy agenda, according to people familiar with the speech. The
address could contrast his approach with Mr. Trump’s.
This week, Mr. Obama
slapped Russia with a series of sanctions and diplomatic censures in
response to a U.S. intelligence assessment that Moscow used
cyberattacks to try to interfere with the presidential election. Last
week Mr. Obama broke with decades of U.S. policy and let pass a
United Nations resolution condemning Israel for building settlements.
As he prepares to
take office Jan. 20, Mr. Trump has made countermoves. His team talked
to Israeli officials about derailing the U.N. vote and he used social
media to try to sway the outcome, calling on Mr. Obama to use U.S.
veto power to reject the resolution.
Trump’s Plan to
Partner With Russia Faces New Hurdle
A central promise of
Trump’s foreign policy is that he will forge a working partnership
with Russia, turning an adversary into an ally in global threats that
bedeviled President Obama.
Mr. Trump has made
clear he doesn’t believe punitive sanctions against Russia are
needed, and he has questioned the evidence of Moscow’s meddling.
Russian President Vladimir Putin said Friday he would hold off on
taking retaliatory action and wait to see how relations take shape in
a Trump administration. Mr. Trump commended the decision in a tweet
Friday: “Great move on delay (by V. Putin) – I always knew he was
very smart!”
Past transitions
played out with far less conflict on core national issues.
The 2000 transition
was abbreviated because of the recount in Florida. Incoming officials
in George W. Bush’s White House said they enjoyed the luxury of
building an administration behind the scenes, with much of the press
and public focused on ballot counts in Florida precincts.
Once the Bush team
moved into the White House, they accused President Bill Clinton’s
aides of vandalizing in prank fashion some office equipment—including
removing the ‘W’ from some typewriters— but the two teams
didn’t contradict each other’s final and first acts.
The Bush-Obama
transition in 2008 is viewed as among the most seamless. After he won
the election, Mr. Obama sought to steer clear of commenting publicly
on the financial crisis and steep job losses that consumed Mr. Bush’s
final months in office. In the weeks before his inauguration, Mr.
Obama repeatedly said the nation has only “one president at time,”
and he praised his predecessor in his inaugural address.
Watching from the
White House in recent days, Mr. Obama’s team has made plain it
would like Mr. Trump to wait his turn.
Ben Rhodes, a deputy
national security adviser, said recently that the president and his
aides “believe that it’s important that there’s a principle
here that the world understands who is speaking on behalf of the
United States until Jan. 20 and who is speaking on behalf of the
United States after Jan. 20.”
Confusion is evident
in some foreign capitals.
At a government news
conference in Berlin this week, the German foreign ministry spokesman
took a question about a tweet from Mr. Trump saying the U.S. should
“expand its nuclear capability.”
“We cannot
conclude how policy will look after Jan. 20 based on half a tweet and
a comment,” the spokesman, Sebastian Fischer, said. “It is good
state practice always to have only one president at a time.”
The transition
started out on an auspicious note. Two days after the election
Messrs. Obama and Trump met in the Oval Office for 90 minutes—longer
than Mr. Trump planned. They have been talking by phone about weekly
ever since.
But beneath the
cordial conversations are serious policy disputes. Mr. Trump wants to
repeal the centerpiece of Mr. Obama’s domestic legacy: the
health-care overhaul aimed at insuring the millions of Americans who
lacked coverage.
Next week Mr. Obama
will head to Capitol Hill to meet with Democrats to discuss ways they
can try to preserve the Affordable Care Act, with hopes of stiffening
their resolve in the face of Mr. Trump’s efforts to roll back the
health law.
Mr. Obama has been
taking other steps that could potentially circumscribe Mr. Trump’s
action once in office.
Last week, the Obama
administration said it would indefinitely block drilling in broad
swaths of the Arctic and Atlantic oceans, an attempt to cement his
environmental legacy and potentially stymie a move by the incoming
Trump administration to expand drilling.
Mr. Trump seemed to
be making reference to these moves when he tweeted Wednesday that he
was “doing my best to disregard the many inflammatory President O
statements and roadblocks.”
“Thought it was
going to be a smooth transition - NOT!” he added.
Kellyanne Conway, an
incoming senior adviser to Mr. Trump, told Fox News on Thursday: “I
hope this isn’t motivated by politics even a little bit.”
She added: “We do
wonder about the rush to do all of these things in the next couple of
weeks by the Obama administration and how that may upend longstanding
U.S. policy, as it seems to be.”
White House
officials stress that while there are policy differences between the
president and president-elect, that is are separate from the
logistical preparations for the transition, of power which Mr. Obama
has pushed his aides to ensure is seamless.
Part of what is
motivating Mr. Obama, White House aides say, is a desire to lock in
pieces of his legacy. He had been considering taking a stand on the
Israeli-Palestinian conflict at the U.N. long before Mr. Trump’s
election victory, White House officials said.
With respect to
Russia, he became convinced the nation meddled in the election in
ways that pose a genuine threat to the country and can’t go
unpunished.
White House aides
talk of “nailing down the furniture” so that policy goals that
Mr. Obama methodically pursued can’t be undone once Mr. Trump takes
power. The president, when he took office eight years ago, did just
that to his predecessor, Mr. Bush.
—Anton Troianovski
contributed to this article.
Write to Peter
Nicholas at peter.nicholas@wsj.com and Carol E. Lee at
carol.lee@wsj.com
Now, really crank up heat on Russia
OPINION
Now,
really crank up heat on Russia
What
more America and Europe can do to fight Kremlin assault on Western
democratic institutions.
By DAVID J.
KRAMER 12/30/16, 4:23 PM CET Updated 12/30/16, 4:26 PM CET
WASHINGTON —
Vladimir Putin opted on Friday not to expel 35 American diplomats,
following Thursday’s decision by the Obama administration to
declare persona non grata that number of Russian intelligence
operatives from the United States and take other measures in response
to Russia’s interference in the recent election. The Kremlin chief
may be trying to appear reasonable, seeking to limit the damage to
U.S.-Russian relations with three weeks to go before Donald Trump,
with his softer line toward Moscow, gets sworn in as president.
Nobody should fall
for this KGB veteran’s act. After all, it was Putin who authorized
the Russian hacking and interference in the U.S. election this year,
in an unprecedented attack on America’s political and electoral
system. Had Putin decided to expel 35 Americans, he would not have
been retaliating – he would have been escalating the confrontation.
In July, after
reports about the cyberattack on the Democratic National Committee’s
computer system first appeared, I joined more than two dozen leading
Republican figures in calling on appropriate congressional committees
to launch an immediate investigation. “The foreign attack was an
assault on the integrity of the entire American political process,”
we argued then. “Those responsible for this gross interference in
our political process, and those who might contemplate similar moves
in the future, need to understand that such actions will have
consequences.”
America and EU must
together push back against Russia’s aggression, including by
expelling RT and Sputnik employees – who are not real journalists,
let’s be blunt – from our countries.
Since then, the
entire U.S. intelligence community has concluded that Russian
agencies sought to tip the election in favor of Trump, not simply
discredit the U.S. electoral process. Russia’s brazen actions
demanded a strong response.
Thursday’s
announcement was a step, overdue but still welcome, in the right
direction. In sanctioning a number of entities and individuals, the
U.S. government went after those directly responsible, including
Russia’s Military Intelligence Service (GRU) and the Federal
Security Service (FSB), the successor agency to the Soviet-era KGB.
As President Obama’s statement made clear, “The United States and
friends and allies around the world must work together to oppose
Russia’s efforts to undermine established international norms of
behavior, and interfere with democratic governance.”
Moscow vs. the West
While Russian
interference in the U.S. political process this year was a new
development, Moscow has been intervening in other countries’
elections and politics for years. It launched a cyberattack against
Estonia in 2007 and has messed with the infrastructure of neighboring
states like Lithuania. Ukraine has been the victim of endless Russian
cyberattacks on top of more traditional military assaults in its
eastern Donbas region and the illegal annexation of Crimea in 2014.
The Kremlin’s
propaganda outlets such as RT and Sputnik meddle in other countries’
politics. Almost a year ago, in an effort to stir up ethnic tensions
in Germany, Russia’s most-watched television network, Channel One,
fabricated a story that a 13-year-old German-Russian girl was
gang-raped by a group of immigrants in Berlin. More broadly, German
authorities have been warning about Russia’s growing role ahead of
next fall’s elections there, while RT announced it was beefing up
its French-language service to cover the upcoming elections in
France.
Let’s do some
retaliatory hacking of bank accounts of top Russian officials.
Lopping off a few zeroes from the Russians’ ill-gotten gains would
send a strong, targeted message.
The U.S. and Europe
must work more closely together in pushing back against Russia’s
aggression, including by exploring the idea of expelling RT and
Sputnik employees — who are not real journalists, let’s be blunt
— from our countries. After all, the role of these outlets is not
to engage in true journalism but to blur the distinction between fact
and fiction and exploit the openness of Western societies. More
European countries should also adopt the Magnitsky legislation —
Estonia this month is the only country on the Continent that has done
what the U.S. did in 2012 — that sanctions Russian officials
involved in gross human rights abuses. The way the Putin regime
treats its own people, to be clear, is similar to the way it behaves
in foreign policy.
* * *
More can and should
be done in the U.S., too. For example, it is unclear why the Obama
administration targeted, rightly, the head of the GRU, Igor Korobov,
but left off its sanctions list the head of the FSB, Alexander
Bortnikov. The FSB has played a major role in destabilizing
neighboring Ukraine, and Bortnikov already should have been
sanctioned under actions taken in connection with that situation.
Instead he was allowed to attend the “Countering Violent Extremism”
conference in Washington in April 2015.
U.S. authorities
should also engage in a little retaliatory hacking of their own by
going after the bank accounts of top Russian officials; Europeans can
help in this effort. Lopping off a few zeroes from the Russians’
ill-gotten gains would send a strong, targeted message. It is
unlikely these officials will publicly protest that they are out
millions, even billions of dollars, since they would have trouble
explaining how they acquired such fortunes in the first place.
Congress ought to
tie Trump’s hands on Russia sanctions by codifying the Obama moves
into law.
Congress has a very
important role to play as well. It plans to hold hearings to
determine how the hacking was done, who was responsible, and what
should be done to prevent any repeat. Such hearings should avoid
partisan gamesmanship and focus on how this was an attack on our
country, regardless of party differences. Congress should also look
to codify the sanctions put in place by the Obama administration and
add to them. They should do the same when it comes to sanctions
imposed on Russia for its illegal annexation of Crimea and ongoing
aggression against Ukraine. And they should pass legislation imposing
sanctions for Russia’s brutal actions against civilians and others
in Syria, which some have described as war crimes.
Such moves by
Congress would complicate any plans the incoming Trump administration
may have to undo the measures adopted by the outgoing administration.
The sanctions announced on Thursday, like the sanctions imposed on
Russia in 2014-15 related to its invasion of Ukraine, have all been
done under executive authority, meaning that Trump could undo them,
albeit with some difficulty, with the stroke of a pen. If the
sanctions were codified into law, they would be almost impossible for
Trump to ignore or dismiss.
Some Republican
Members of Congress have criticized Obama’s measures as too little,
too late. Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell, for instance,
described the sanctions as “a good initial step, however late in
coming.” Maybe so, but that is a better response than saying “we
ought to get on with our lives,” as President-elect Trump argued
this week. The reaction among leading Republican Senators suggests
Trump will face resistance to any efforts to lift sanctions on the
Putin regime. His nominee for secretary of state, former Exxon-Mobil
CEO Rex Tillerson, has publicly criticized the Ukraine-related
sanctions; he should be asked whether as secretary he would recommend
lifting those and the most recent sanctions related to the
cyberattack on our election. Tillerson’s answer to that question
should be a key factor in the Senate vote on his confirmation.
We simply cannot let
Russia’s egregious actions go unchallenged. We need to come
together as a united country — and together with Europe — to push
back firmly against hostile, foreign interference in our political
and electoral systems.
David J. Kramer,
senior director for democracy and human rights at the McCain
Institute in Washington, is a former assistant secretary of state for
democracy, human rights and labor in the George W. Bush
administration.
Authors:
David J. Kramer
sexta-feira, 30 de dezembro de 2016
22,3 % das pessoas nascidas em Portugal vivem fora do país
22,3
% das pessoas nascidas em Portugal vivem fora do país
Céu Neves
30 DE DEZEMBRO DE
2016
O peso da emigração
portuguesa no mundo é sete vezes superior à da população. O Reino
Unido continua primeira escolha dos últimos anos.
O número de
emigrantes nascidos em Portugal superou os 2,3 milhões, 22,3% da
população portuguesa, o que significa que continuamos a ser um país
de emigrantes. Um dado sublinhado por Rui Pena Pires, coordenador do
Observatório da Emigração, que ontem apresentou o relatório de
2015. Destaca, "com surpresa", duas outras informações: a
subida da emigração para Angola e a manutenção em alta de
portugueses em França. O volume de saídas não aumenta pelo
terceiro ano consecutivo, 110 mil pessoas, o que se considera
elevado,
Portugal é o 27.º
país do mundo com mais emigrantes e o sétimo na Europa. As Nações
Unidas indicam 243 milhões de migrantes internacionais em 2015, 3.3%
da população mundial. Destes, 2.3 milhões são portugueses, 0.9%
do total de emigrantes, percentagem sete vezes superior ao peso da
população de Portugal no contexto internacional (0.14%).
Tais números
desequilibram a balança demográfica, já que o número de
imigrantes é bastante inferior. E, segundo as conclusões do
Observatório da Emigração, "é improvável, nos próximos
anos, uma redução do volume da emigração significativa para os
níveis anteriores à crise", anteriores a 2008.
Em 2015, a emigração
subiu no Reino Unido (RU), Espanha, Dinamarca e Angola. Desceu na
Suíça Luxemburgo e Noruega. Faltavam os dados estatísticos da
França - entraram mais 18 480 portugueses - e de Angola - mais 6 715
-, para fazer uma avaliação final sobre a emigração em 2015.
"A única coisa
que podemos afirmar é que a emigração não cresceu, se estabilizou
ou se teve uma descida é algum que não podemos afirmar com
certeza", disse Rui Pena Pires na apresentação do Relatório
da Emigração 2015. Explicou: "mantém-se em valores claramente
superiores a cem mil saídas por ano, ou seja, a níveis que, na
história recente, só têm paralelo com os movimentos populacionais
dos anos 60 e 70 do século XX". Em 2013 ter-se-á atingindo o
pisco de emigrantes, 120 mil.
Apresentou as
conclusões na presença do Ministro dos Negócios Estrangeiros,
Augusto Santos Silva, e do Secretário de Estado das Comunidades
Portuguesas, José Luís Carneiro. Os governantes salientaram a
"estabilização" do fluxo emigratório e como os efeitos
da crise se refletiram na saídas do País.
"É fácil
notar o efeito específico da crise desde 2008 e, depois, com
particular expressão com o programa de ajustamento entre 2011 e
2014, no reforço da saída de emigrantes portugueses", disse
Augusto Santos Silva. Além de sublinhar algumas das conclusões do
relatório, José Luís Carneiro, referiu a atividade da secretaria
de Estado das Comunidades no apoio aos emigrantes, às associações
e à língua portuguesa (ver caixa). Uma das iniciativas, a curto
prazo, é a migração da base de dados consulares baseado num ato
único de inscrição, evitando a duplicação de registos de alguém
que emigre para diferentes países. Outra é o lançamento do Espaço
Cidadão, em Paris, estando prevista a abertura do segundo, em
Londres.
Reino Unido continua
a liderar
O Reino Unido
recebeu 32 301 portugueses em 2015, uma nova subida, embora a um
ritmo mais lento do que até 2013, e que coloca este país na
primeira escolha dos portugueses. Houve uma retoma da emigração
para Espanha, mais 12% pelo segundo ano consecutivo. "E,
surpreendentemente, uma aceleração da emigração para Angola, um
crescimento de 31,7% em relação a 2014. Os consulados de Angola em
Lisboa e no Porto registam 6 715 vistos, mas falta a informação de
Faro. A crise do petróleo marcou o território angolano a partir do
final de 2015, o que significa que fora muitos os portugueses a
entraram no início desse ano.
Angola é o quinto
país do mundo para onde os portugueses emigram, depois do RU,
França, Suíça (12 325 mas diminuiu), Alemanha (9 195, baixou) e
Espanha (6 639). Manteve-se a tendência para a diminuição da
emigração para a Alemanha e Suíça, a partir de 2013, embora se
mantenha num patamar elevado. Também desceu no Luxemburgo, 3 525
entradas em 2015, menos 8% do que em 2014.
Os dados do
Observatório da Emigração baseiam-se nas estatísticas das
entradas de emigrantes permanentes nos países de destino. Estão, no
entanto, próximos dos do Instituto Nacional de Estatística, 103
203, baseados num inquérito à população.
Um prato populista / Marine Le Pen vai vencer e a França vai sair do euro”
O dia em que os judeus foram expulsos de Portugal
O
dia em que os judeus foram expulsos de Portugal
29
Dezembro 2016
Maria
José Oliveira
Faz
520 anos que D. Manuel I assinou o édito de expulsão dos judeus,
uma condição imposta por Espanha para que casasse com D. Isabel.
Milhares tiveram de escolher entre a expulsão ou a conversão.
Em 1492 um decreto
dos reis católicos, D. Isabel e D. Fernando, rompeu com uma longa
tradição de tolerância religiosa em Castela, Leão e Portugal. O
édito foi publicado a 31 de Março: os judeus de Castela e de Aragão
eram obrigados a converterem-se ao cristianismo, sob pena de serem
expulsos de Espanha num prazo máximo de quatro meses.
Desde a Idade Média
que a população judaica era olhada com alguma desconfiança, tanto
em Espanha como em Portugal. E isso tinha uma causa: os judeus
trabalhavam para o rei na cobrança das rendas e na organização da
contabilidade pública. Os ocasionais ataques a judiarias tinham
quase sempre esta motivação. Mas mantinha-se a tolerância quanto à
religião.
No final do prazo
dado pelos reis católicos, em Julho de 1492, milhares de judeus
atravessaram a fronteira, tendo D. João II permitido a entrada dos
refugiados e nomeado locais onde poderiam ser integrados: Olivença,
Arronches, Figueira de Castelo Rodrigo, Bragança e Melgaço. Na
raia, os judeus espanhóis pagavam uma espécie de portagem e, em
troca, recebiam um salvo-conduto. Àqueles que exerciam uma
profissão, os funcionários régios faziam um desconto, uma vez que
eram tidos como mão-de-obra útil à economia nacional: ferreiros,
carpinteiros, oleiros, tecelões.
Ao
longo do tempo a atitude de D. João II para com os judeus expulsos
de Espanha foi ganhando contornos terríveis. Em 1493 ordenou que os
filhos menores fossem retirados aos pais e enviados para São Tomé,
que precisava de ser povoado. A ilha tinha então grande número de
crocodilos, além de um clima hostil, pelo que a maioria das crianças
foi comida pelos animais. As restantes sucumbiram à fome.
A documentação
coeva não permite definir, com rigor, o total de judeus desterrados.
O arqueólogo e etnógrafo Adriano Vasco Rodrigues escreveu que
seriam perto de 100 mil; a historiadora Maria José Ferro Tavares,
autora de uma vasta bibliografia sobre os judeus em Portugal,
preferiu não indicar qualquer número; o historiador Lúcio de
Azevedo estimou 120 mil; Damião de Góis escreveu sobre 20 mil
famílias; e o Abade de Baçal quantificou 40 mil pessoas.
A maioria destes
cidadãos dirigiu-se para as grandes cidades: Lisboa, Porto e Évora.
Contudo, uma parcela considerável da população fixou-se na raia,
na zona de Ribacôa. Por isso mesmo, existiram comunidades hebraicas
em Pinhel, Vila Nova de Foz Côa, Meda, Marialva, Numão, Trancoso,
Guarda e Sabugal, explicou Adriano Vasco Rodrigues. A decisão de
viver em povoações fronteiriças justificava-se pela esperança,
acalentada por muitos refugiados, de que o decreto de expulsão fosse
revogado, possibilitando assim o regresso a Espanha.
A autorização de
entrada atribuída por D. João II tinha, no entanto, um prazo de
validade: o salvo-conduto extinguia-se ao fim de oito meses. Os
judeus poderiam viajar para outras paragens, mas o rei só lhes
permitiu embarcar em navios com destino a Tânger e a Arzila. Alguns
fizeram-no, mas acabaram por regressar a Portugal depois de terem
sido maltratados e roubados pelos mouros.
Ao longo do tempo a
atitude de D. João II para com os judeus expulsos de Espanha foi
ganhando contornos terríveis. Em 1493 ordenou que os filhos menores
fossem retirados aos pais e enviados para São Tomé, que precisava
de ser povoado. A ilha tinha então grande número de crocodilos,
além de um clima hostil, pelo que a maioria das crianças foi comida
pelos animais. As restantes sucumbiram à fome.
“Os
Judeus de Lisboa são riquíssimos, cobram os tributos reais, que
arremataram ao Rei. São insolentes com os cristãos. Têm muito medo
da proscrição, pois o Rei de Espanha ordenou ao Rei de Portugal que
expulsasse os marranos e da mesma forma os Judeus, aliás teria
guerra com ele. O Rei de Portugal, fazendo a vontade ao de Espanha,
ordenou que antes do Natal saíssem do reino todos os marranos.
Jerónimo
Münzer in “Viagem por Espanha e Portugal. 1494-1495”
Em Dezembro de 1494,
o médico alemão Jerónimo Münzer estava em Lisboa. “Os Judeus de
Lisboa são riquíssimos, cobram os tributos reais, que arremataram
ao Rei. São insolentes com os cristãos. Têm muito medo da
proscrição, pois o Rei de Espanha ordenou ao Rei de Portugal que
expulsasse os marranos e da mesma forma os Judeus, aliás teria
guerra com ele. O Rei de Portugal, fazendo a vontade ao de Espanha,
ordenou que antes do Natal saíssem do reino todos os marranos. Eles
fretaram a nau Rainha, belíssimo navio, e no meado de Dezembro irão
para Nápoles; aos Judeus, porém, deu o Rei o prazo de dois anos
[Garcia de Resende diz na sua “Crónica de D. João II” que o
prazo foi de 8 meses] para assim os expulsar do reino menos
violentamente. Em vista disso os Judeus vão-se retirando sem demora
e procuram no estrangeiro lugares próprios para a sua residência”,
escreveu em “Viagem por Espanha e Portugal. 1494-1495”.
D. João II morreu
em 1495, deixando o trono sem sucessor, pois o seu filho, Afonso,
morrera alguns anos antes. A coroa foi então herdada por D. Manuel,
cunhado e primo direito do monarca. Nos primeiros anos do reinado, a
comunidade judaica viveu em paz, tendo o rei escolhido o judeu Abraão
Zacuto para seu médico particular (Zacuto era também matemático e
astrónomo, tendo sido consultado antes de o rei enviar a expedição
de Vasco da Gama para a Índia). D. Manuel I desejava uma união da
Península Ibérica, debaixo da sua coroa, naturalmente, pelo que
propôs casamento a D. Isabel, viúva de Afonso e filha mais velha
dos reis católicos. A proposta foi aceite por D. Isabel e por D.
Fernando, mas sob uma condição: o rei português deveria expulsar
os judeus do país.
Escolher entre a
expulsão ou a conversão
Em Novembro de 1496,
D. Manuel I casou com D. Isabel e logo no mês seguinte decretou a
ordem de expulsão dos judeus (e dos mouros), obrigados a sair do
país até finais de Outubro do ano seguinte. Caso não o fizessem,
seriam condenados à morte e todos os seus bens seriam confiscados
pela coroa. Contudo, a decisão não recolheu consenso no Conselho de
Estado, que alertou para a fuga de capitais do país. Pretendendo
reter os judeus em Portugal, o rei ordenou então que aqueles que se
convertessem ao cristianismo poderiam permanecer no país. E agendou
um prazo para os baptismo: a Páscoa de 1497.
Uma das duas únicas
gravuras sobreviventes ao Terramoto de Lisboa 1755 e ao incêndio da
Torre do Tombo: “Von dem Christeliche – Streyt, kürtzlich
geschehe – jm. M.CCCCC.vj Jar zu Lissbona – ein haubt stat in
Portigal zwischen en christen und newen chri – sten oder juden, von
wegen des gecreutzigisten [sic] got.” (Da Contenda Cristã, que
recentemente teve lugar em Lisboa, capital de Portugal, entre
cristãos e cristãos-novos ou judeus, por causa do Deus
Crucificado”).
Uma das duas únicas
gravuras sobreviventes ao Terramoto de Lisboa 1755 e ao incêndio da
Torre do Tombo: “Da Contenda Cristã, que recentemente teve lugar
em Lisboa, capital de Portugal, entre cristãos e cristãos-novos ou
judeus, por causa do Deus Crucificado”
Denominado “Que os
Judeus e Mouros forros se saiam destes Reinos e não morem, nem
estejam neles”, o édito de 5 de Dezembro decretava o seguinte:
“… sendo Nós
muito certo, que os Judeus e Mouros obstinados no ódio da Nossa
Santa Fé Católica de Cristo Nosso Senhor, que por sua morte nos
remiu, têm cometido, e continuadamente contra ele cometem grandes
males, e blasfémias em estes Nossos Reinos, as quais não tão
somente a eles, que são filhos de maldição, enquanto na dureza de
seus corações estiverem, são causa de mais condenação, mais
ainda a muitos Cristãos fazem apartar da verdadeira carreira, que é
a Santa Fé Católica; por estas, e outras mui grandes e necessárias
razões, que Nos a isto movem, que a todo o Cristão são notórias e
manifestas, havida madura deliberação com os do Nosso Conselho, e
Letrados, Determinamos, e Mandamos, que da publicação desta Nossa
Lei, e Determinação até por todo o mês de Outubro do ano do
Nascimento de Nosso Senhor de mil quatrocentos e noventa e sete,
todos os Judeus, e Mouros forros, que em Nossos Reinos houver, saiam
fora deles, sob pena de morte natural, e perder as fazendas, para
quem os acusar.”
A conversão forçada
começou com uma medida trágica. Na Páscoa de 1497, D. Manuel I
mandou que os judeus menores de 14 anos fossem entregues a famílias
cristãs de várias vilas e cidades do país. Pouco depois, a ordem
estendeu-se aos jovens com 20 anos. E os resultados foram horríveis.
Muitos pais mataram os seus filhos, degolando-os ou lançando-os em
poços e rios, contou Damião de Góis. A perseguição não ficou
por aqui. O monarca restringiu ainda o número de portos de embarque
para aqueles que queriam sair do reino, obrigando-os a
concentrarem-se na capital. Segundo Jorge Martins, cerca de 20 mil
pessoas, oriundas de várias zonas, foram encaminhadas para o Palácio
dos Estaus (futura sede da Inquisição, localizada onde é hoje o
Teatro Nacional D. Maria II), ali permanecendo, sem comer e sem
beber, até ao momento do embarque. A ideia de aprisioná-los nos
Estaus tinha um motivo.
Os dois homens
tinham uma missão: persuadir os judeus a converterem-se ao
cristianismo. Muitos acabaram por ser levados para as igrejas da
Baixa e baptizados contra a sua vontade; outros conseguiram fugir e
suicidaram-se, atirando-se a cisternas e a poços.
Enquanto aguardavam
pela partida para o estrangeiro, foram visitados por dois judeus
conversos, Nicolau, médico, e Pedro de Castro, eclesiástico em Vila
Real. Os dois homens tinham uma missão: persuadir os judeus a
converterem-se ao cristianismo. Muitos acabaram por ser levados para
as igrejas da Baixa e baptizados contra a sua vontade; outros
conseguiram fugir e suicidaram-se, atirando-se a cisternas e a poços.
Aqueles que, não
tendo sido baptizados, ficaram no país, já como escravos do rei,
apresentaram uma proposta a D. Manuel I. Aceitavam a conversão, mas
pediam algo em troca: a restituição dos seus filhos; e a garantia
de que o rei não ordenaria qualquer inquérito sobre as suas
práticas religiosas num período de 20 anos. D. Manuel I anuiu. E a
30 de Maio de 1497 foi publicada a proibição de inquirições sobre
as crenças dos recém-convertidos ao cristianismo. Ou seja,
consentiu oficiosamente o judaísmo (daqui nasce o criptojudaísmo, a
prática clandestina da religião). O decreto tinha ainda outras
cláusulas: ao fim de 20 anos, se o cristão-novo fosse acusado de
judaízar, teria direito a conhecer os seus acusadores para que
pudesse defender-se; caso fosse comprovado o crime de heresia, seria
condenado à perda de bens, posteriormente legados aos herdeiros
cristãos; os físicos e os cirurgiões que não sabiam latim
poderiam utilizar livros de medicina em hebraico; finalmente, os
cristãos-novos não deveriam ser tratados de forma distinta, uma vez
que estavam convertidos à Santa Fé.
As garantias
inscritas no decreto não convenceram, porém, uma parte da
comunidade. Muitos optaram por sair do país, levando consigo os seus
bens, e os mais ricos negociaram letras de câmbio com os cristãos,
para depois serem trocadas noutro país. Isto é: uma parte da
riqueza do país estava a fugir. D. Manuel I entendeu que devia agir
e, em 1499, reagiu à fuga das fortunas com a publicação de duas
leis: a primeira proibia o negócio com os judeus; e a segunda
impedia a saída do reino dos conversos de 1497 sem prévia
autorização régia. O incumprimento das normas resultaria no
confisco dos bens dos infractores.
Para Maria José
Ferro Tavares a intenção de D. Manuel I era estimular a integração
dos conversos na sociedade portuguesa. Notou a historiadora que,
entre 1497 e 1499, o rei promulgou uma lei que proibia o casamento
entre cristãos-novos. O objectivo consistia em inserir a minoria nas
famílias de cristãos-velhos. Mas não só: interessava também
partilhar o dinheiro e os bens dos ex-judeus. Nada resultou, segundo
a historiadora. Não apenas porque subsistia o sentimento
anti-judaico na maioria cristã, mas também porque os
cristãos-novos, ainda que em número reduzido, estavam no pódio das
grandes fortunas. Após a conversão ganharam mais poder, ascenderam
à nobreza, às universidades, à administração real e municipal.
Pogrom em Lisboa
A 19 de Abril de
1506, Domingo de Pascoela, a minoria cristã-nova sentiu, pela
primeira vez em Portugal, uma inaudita violência sobre pessoas e
bens. Lisboa estava então assombrada pela peste que assolava a
capital desde Outubro do ano anterior. Um período de seca matara os
campos nos arrabaldes; escasseavam alimentos; a fome tomava conta da
cidade.
Damião de Góis
escreveu que naquele dia a igreja do convento de São Domingos estava
repleta de cristãos-velhos, pois surgira um rumor de que a 15 do
mesmo mês, acontecera um milagre naquele templo dominicano. Os
crentes aguardavam uma repetição. E ele aconteceu, aos olhos dos
cristãos: uma luz brilhou no crucifixo da igreja e a multidão
rejubilou. Menos uma pessoa. Que chamou a atenção para o facto de
se tratar de um reflexo de uma das muitas candeias que estavam
acesas. Esta pessoa era um cristão-novo, mas para os cristãos-velhos
era um judeu e, por isso, alvo de ódio.
Os
gritos deram início ao massacre. Os crentes espalharam-se pelas ruas
de Lisboa; a esta multidão juntou-se, segundo o historiador António
Borges Coelho, a chusma das naus da Índia, que, atiçada pela
pregação dos frades, violou, matou e queimou milhares de pessoas.
Arrombavam as portas das casas, em busca de cristãos-novos,
perseguiam quem tentava fugir, carregavam mortos e vivos para as
fogueiras que iam sendo ateadas em vários locais da cidade, como o
Rossio e a zona ribeirinha.
O homem foi
arrastado para rua e, em poucos minutos, mataram-no e queimaram-no no
Rossio. Sabendo do que acontecera, o irmão acorreu ao local e quando
gritou pelos assassinos, foi igualmente morto e queimado numa
fogueira. No meio da agitação, um frade dominicano bradou um
discurso contra os judeus. Em seu redor, a turba vociferava contra a
comunidade judaica. Dois frades, Frei João Mocho e Frei Bernardo,
juntaram-se ao que estava a discursar, exibindo o crucifixo do
“milagre” e gritando: “Heresia! Heresia! Destruam o povo
abominável!”.
Os gritos deram
início ao massacre. Os crentes espalharam-se pelas ruas de Lisboa; a
esta multidão juntou-se, segundo o historiador António Borges
Coelho, a chusma das naus da Índia, que, atiçada pela pregação
dos frades, violou, matou e queimou milhares de pessoas. Arrombavam
as portas das casas, em busca de cristãos-novos, perseguiam quem
tentava fugir, carregavam mortos e vivos para as fogueiras que iam
sendo ateadas em vários locais da cidade, como o Rossio e a zona
ribeirinha.
A matança e as
pilhagens prosseguiram por três dias. Segundo os cronistas da época
terão sido mortos entre duas mil a quatro mil pessoas; Alexandre
Herculano e o historiador norte-americano Yosef Yerushalmi registaram
duas mil, o número que obtém mais consenso entre os especialistas.
Damião de Góis, que tinha apenas quatro anos quando aconteceu a
chacina, descreveu desta forma o massacre, na sua “Crónica do
Felicíssimo Rei D. Manuel”:
“No mosteiro de
sam Domingos da dicta cidade está hua capella aque chamão Iesu, &
nella hum Cruçifixo, em que foi entam visto hum sinal, a que dauão
cor de milagre, com quantos hos que se na egreja acharam julguam ser
ho contrairo, dos quais hu cistão nouo dixe q lhe pareçia hua
candea açesa que estaua posta no lado da imagem de Iesu, ho que
ouuindo algus homes baixos, ho tiraram pelos cabellos arrasto fora da
egreja & ho mataram, & queimaram logo ho corpo no resio.
Aho qual aluoroço
acodio muito pouo, aquem hum frade fez hua pregaçam conuocandoho
cotra hos cristãos nouos, apos ho que sairão dous frades do
mosteiro, com hum Cruçifixo nas mãos bradando, heresia, heresia, ho
que imprimio tanto em muita gente estrangeira, popular, marinheiros
de naos que entam vieram de Holãda Zlenada, Hoestelãda & outras
partes, assi homes de terra, da mesma condiçam & pouca calidade,
que jutos mais de quinetos, começaram a mattar todolos cristãos
nouos que achauam pelas ruas & hos corpos mortos & meos vivos
lauçauão & queimauam em fogueiras que tinham feitas na ribeira
& no resio, aho qual negoçio lhes seruião escrauos & moços,
que cõ muita diligençia acarretauam lenha, & outros materiaes
pera açender ho fogo, no qual domingo de Pascoella mattaram mais de
quinhentas pessoas. A esta turma de maos homes, & dos frades, que
sem temor de Deos andauam pelas ruas conçitando ho pouo a esta
tamanha crueldade, se ajuntaram mais de homes da terra, da calidade
dos outros, que todos juntos à segunda feira continuaram nesta
maldade com mór crueza, & por já nas ruas nam acharem nenhus
christãos nouos, foram cometter com vaiues & escadas, has casas
em que viuiam, ou onde sabiam que estauam, & tirandohos dellas
arrasto pelas ruas, co seus filhos, molheres, & filhas, hos
lançauam de mistura viuos, & mortos nas fogueiras, sem nenhua
piedade, & era tamanha há crueza q até nos mininos, & nas
crianças que estauão no breço há executauam, tomandohos pelas
pernas fendeo hos em pedaços, & esborachandohos darremeso nas
paredes. Nas quaes cruezas se nam esqueçiam de lhes metter a saquo
has casas, & roubar todo ho ouro, prata & enxouaes que nellas
achauam, vindo ho negoçio a tanta dissoluçam que das egrejas
tirauão muitos homes, molheres, moços, moças, destes inocentes,
desapegandohos dos sacrarios; & das images de nosso Senhor, &
nossa Senhora & outros Sanctos, com que ho medo da morte hos
tinha abraçados & dalli hos tirauam, mattando & queimando
misticamente sem nenhu temor de Deos assi a ellas quomo a elles.
Neste dia pereçeram
mais de mil almas sem hauer na çidade quem ousasse de resistir, pola
pouca gete de forte que nella havia, por estarem hos mais honrrados
fora, por caso da peste. (…)”
Nesta mesma crónica,
o historiador descreveu ainda a actuação do rei, que foi informado
do que estava a acontecer em Lisboa quando estava em Aviz, a caminho
de Beja para visitar a mãe, a infanta D. Beatriz. D. Manuel I ficou
“triste” e “enojado”, tendo dado de imediato poderes ao Prior
do Crato e a D. Diogo Lobo para castigarem os culpados. O problema
era identificar os culpados. Uma cidade inteira revoltara-se contra
os judeus e matara aqueles que não conseguiram escapar. Muitos
portugueses (Damião de Góis conta que, entre os assassinos, estavam
também estrangeiros, quase todos marinheiros, que recolheram às
naus com os saques) foram presos e condenados à forca. Góis
escreveu que Frei João Mocho e Frei Bernardo foram queimados na
fogueira, num local público, mas o ensaísta e professor António
José Saraiva defendeu que os dois frades escaparam à condenação,
argumentando que, 36 anos depois do massacre, ambos estavam vivos e
ao serviço de D. João III em Roma.
Para castigar os
habitantes de Lisboa, D. Manuel retirou uma série de privilégios à
cidade: aqueles que tinham se provara terem participado no morticínio
perderam todos os seus bens; os que não estavam envolvidos, mas nada
fizeram para deter a multidão, perderam um quinto dos seus bens; foi
suspensa a eleição dos representantes da Casa dos Vinte Quatro e
dos seus quatro representantes na vereação municipal da cidade.
O pogrom de Abril de
1506 continua hoje a ser recordado em dois monumentos erguidos no
Largo de São Domingos, onde começou a tragédia, inaugurados em
Abril de 2008, numa iniciativa da autarquia em conjunto com as
comunidades judaica e católica.
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