Lisboa na lista de cidades em risco de overtourism
O excesso de visitantes pode colocar em risco a capacidade
de infraestruturas, como transportes ou comércio.
Um estudo realizado pelo World Travel e Tourism Council.
texto
Sara Curado / 30/06/2019 às 09:59
Basta passear por Lisboa para perceber que o o número de
visitas e dormidas aumentou exponencialmente nos últimos anos. E um novo estudo
realizado pela norte-americana World Travel & Tourism Council e pela
empresa imobiliária JLL comprova isso mesmo.
A análise aborda o overtourism em todo o mundo e lembra que
o excesso de turismo nas cidades pode ser perigoso quando existe o risco de
sobrecarga das infraestruturas. Aqui, incluem-se todo o tipo de serviços
públicos: transportes, saneamento público, comércio, fornecimento de energia ou
estradas.
Entre as 68 cidades analisadas, Lisboa é uma daquelas em que
o risco de sobrecarga é elevado. Parte dos impactos negativos deve-se à
popularidade de Portugal como destino.
Segundo os dados do WTTC, o País está no grupo dos 20 do
mundo que, em conjunto, recebem quase dois terços de todas as chegadas de
turistas internacionais.
No entanto, é referido que Lisboa, apesar de estar a receber
mais visitantes, é também uma cidade com infraestruturas turísticas bem
estabelecidas — o que não a deixa livre de tensões futuras relacionadas com o
volume ou atividade dos visitantes.
When Your Secret Spot (Lisbon) Becomes Overrun with Tourists
We were all intruding on one another’s authentic experience,
one of the outcomes of mass tourism.
Thomas Swick
Updated 11.24.18 3:25AM ET / Published 11.23.18 9:24PM ET
Our Airbnb was on a narrow street, downhill from Bairro
Alto. The stairs to the second floor suggested a nation of small-footed people.
Opening the door to the apartment, we entered a bright, cheerful room
containing a sofa, a table, and a bookcase. The kitchen and bathroom, at
opposite ends of a brief corridor, were small and tidy. There was no bedroom;
the bed occupied a space above the bathroom and was accessed by an outcrop of
ascending wooden blocks.
We dropped our suitcases and headed outside. A yellow
funicular, filled with tourists, glided past us as we climbed the hill on the
stepped stone sidewalk. At the top, a crush of people stood taking pictures of
the antiquated vehicle. We turned right and threaded our way down Rua do Loreto
to Praça de Luís de Camões. Rows of tired sightseers sat at the foot of the
great poet’s statue.
A friend who had been in Lisbon in June had told me about
the large numbers of tourists. I assumed most of them would be gone by the end
of September. One of the things I had always loved about Lisbon—this was my
fourth visit—was its absence from discussions of great world capitals. Because
most travelers went elsewhere, the few of us who came developed a private,
proprietary attachment to the place, thanks in large part to Lisboners, who,
unlike the residents of more frequented cities, seemed to appreciate the fact
that we had come.
My wife and I crossed the street to Largo do Chiado. The
statue of Fernando Pessoa, sitting at a table eternally awaiting his order,
still adjoined the terrace of A Brasileira, which hummed but not with the
susurrations of Portuguese. Next door the Hotel Borges still stood. I walked
into the lobby, widened since my stay there 28 years earlier, and inquired, out
of curiosity, about the price of a room.
“For tonight?” the woman behind the reception desk asked. It
was a surprising question in a city swelled with visitors.
In October 1989 I took my first trip as a newspaper travel
editor. I flew to Spain and, after schlepping around Madrid, Barcelona, and
Seville, boarded a bus to Portugal. Lisbon, I assumed, would give me more of
the same, loneliness in the face of Iberian self-absorption. Instead I found a
softness, the humility and curiosity of a once powerful people who still turned
their gaze outward. I met a poet—Casimiro de Brito—who took me to hear fado in
a Bairro Alto dive and translated the lyrics into beautiful English. In Spain,
with my bad Spanish, I had been a tourist; in Portugal, with no Portuguese, I
became a travel writer. For that alone the country would have won my
affection.
Every morning as we stepped out of our building we’d see
other tourists leaving theirs. The prevalent sound on Rua da Bica de Duarte
Belo was not of the funicular, which ran sporadically, but of suitcase wheels
being rolled over cobblestones. The aisles of the mini-mart at the top of the
hill were thick with foreigners stocking up on yogurt and bottled water. The
smells on the street were of pizza and burgers.
This was our first time staying in an Airbnb and its chief
attraction outside of the financial —the feeling it gives you of being a
local—was rather lost on us. Inside we could feel vaguely indigenous—I had
found a radio station that played mostly fado—but as soon as we went out
(something that travelers are generally encouraged to do) we were joined by
similarly thwarted vacationers.
We were all intruding on one another’s authentic experience,
one of the outcomes of mass tourism. I had witnessed it before, but had often
been able to minimize its effects. I am not an avid sightseer; when the
proverbial friend of a friend met me and asked me what I’d like to see, my
response was always: “Neighborhoods. I want to see how people live.” So I
frequently went where the tourists didn’t.
Hania had never been to Lisbon and, naturally, I wanted to
show her the best of it. Which is why, in the first hours, we headed to Praça
de Camões and Largo do Chiado. Three decades earlier this flawless public
space—cafes, churches, rumbling streetcars, patterned pavements, eclectic
statuary—had not been a tourist haunt; the few tourists who came to Lisbon
prowled Baixa—the Rossio, the Praça do Comércio, the shops in between—and
climbed the hilly streets of Alfama, making sure to leave before dark. Then
they’d head off to Belém and Sintra.
Eventually we discovered less crowded spots. El Corte
Inglés, the department store where Hania found her gluten-free bread, was not
on people’s must-see lists, and Lapa was a quiet, residential area (though
Madonna was rumored to be eyeing a house there). But in the evening we’d return
to our everyday neighborhood of Airbnbs.
Walking to dinner one night we passed the restaurant where I
had first met the poet: 1° de Maio. It now had a stylish shingle out front—the
name used to be written minutely on the lantern above the entrance—but its
array of dead fish still decorated the small window. In 1989, the interior
featured a mural that a customer had started who couldn’t pay his bill. Every
week he’d return and add something new, and locals would come not just to eat
but to monitor his progress. The painting, I’m sure, was more famous than the
chef.
The restaurant we ended up at, a few blocks away, was named
for its chef, who had a number of restaurants in the city. Colorful figurines
of sea creatures hung from the ceiling, and a large mural in tiles—depicting a
party of pigs à table—filled one wall. We got talking to the young couple at
the next table, a vacationing Dutch banker and his social worker wife.
People sometimes ask me if I’ve ever felt guilty for ruining
a place by writing about it. I explain that I don’t write about “undiscovered”
places; my specialty, if I have one, is the unsung: Warsaw; Iowa; Archer City,
Texas; Columbus, Ohio; Mobile, Alabama; Port-of-Spain, Trinidad. Today tourists
are not beating a path to any of them.
Lisbon is the exception, and there’s a reason. Over the last
few years, the glossies have given so much ink to Portugal—not just through
advertisements but editorial content—that they seem to be trying to make amends
for years of inattention. Travel magazines are in continual and often spurious
search of the next new place, and in the age of anxiety, Portugal has become
the perfect find. The feature that contributed to it being overlooked for
decades—its position on the lower edge of the continent, far from the action
(which now includes terrorism)— makes it sublimely attractive today.
The Portuguese have not changed; even with tourists now
clogging their sidewalks, filling their streetcars, taking their homes,
Lisboners are still remarkably friendly. It goes beyond rote politeness to a
genuine interest in people. This is something that, unlike manners, cannot be
taught; it is an ingrained part of national character. More than once, asking
for directions we were drawn into conversations.
Of course, treating tourists like fellow human beings will
only make them want to return.
********
One day, walking down a quiet street toward the old Mercado
da Ribeira—now the Time Out Market—we saw a banner strung across a second-floor
balcony: “AIRBNB KILLS LISBON.” The popular tourist housing had overtaken not
only our neighborhood but, we learned later, Bairro Alto, significantly
reducing the number of apartments available to Lisboners, and changing the
character of two prime sections of the city. Instead of a local, our Airbnb was
making me feel like a spoiler.
But Airbnbs are not the only problem in Lisbon: The city is
now visited by cruise ships. They dock at the foot of Alfama, letting thousands
of passengers loose. Their economic impact is questionable—they don’t spend the
night in hotels, and some return to the ship for their prepaid meals—though
they do serve a purpose: They make Airbnbers feel superior.
Two ships were in port the day we visited Alfama. I was
searching for a spot I had stumbled upon during my last visit—a winding street
of modest restaurants and gorgeous views —but there were few locals to ask for
directions. We climbed the steep hills and read the translated menus flanked by
T-shirted and sneakered brigades.
They had as much right to be there as we did, and, unlike
us, they weren’t hanging around for a week. But they highlighted a sad truth:
It had been easier to love the city, or at least to feel a special bond with
it, when it had had a smaller number of admirers. Yes, my affection was
strengthened—but also now complicated—by the fact that this was the place where
I had become a travel writer, the being now implicated in its rise to stardom,
and piecemeal transformation.
On one of our last nights we went to
a club to listen to fado. It was not the dive I had enjoyed with Casimiro (that
had closed long ago) but a place with a mix of locals and tourists. At the
break we struck up a conversation with the people seated next to us, a recently
retired couple from Hartford, Connecticut.
The four of us went for a nightcap to A Brasileira. The temperature
was mild, so we took a table outside, near the entrance to the Hotel Borges.
Though it was after midnight, two street musicians arrived and set up shop. I
watched a young man enter the hotel and thought of myself, 28 years earlier,
returning from my outing with the poet intoxicated by the triumph of having
lived like a local—at least for a few hours—and gotten a story that would be
different from any other about Lisbon.
The duo’s first number was Hotel California. We grabbed our
drinks and headed inside, where—under the high ceiling—we shared our stories
free of musical accompaniment. It was an altogether pleasant evening, one that,
I thought as we walked back to our Airbnb, I will never write about.
Thomas Swick is the author, most recently, of The Joys of
Travel: And Stories that Illuminate Them.
Sem comentários:
Enviar um comentário