ENSAIO
CORONAVÍRUS
Covid-19: perspectivas para o Outono
Manuel Carmo
Gomes 3 de Agosto de 2020, 6:01
https://www.publico.pt/2020/08/03/sociedade/ensaio/covid19-perspectivas-outono-1926583
Iremos assistir a uma segunda onda da pandemia? Dispomos
ainda de cerca de dois meses para nos prepararmos. Manuel Carmo Gomes,
professor de Epidemiologia da Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa,
faz o ponto da situação e reflecte sobre estratégias a adoptar para os próximos
meses.
Entrar no Outono
sem perspectiva de vacina ou de tratamento eficaz para a covid-19 é presentemente
a maior preocupação das autoridades de saúde em Portugal e em todo o hemisfério
Norte. Iremos assistir a um forte ressurgimento da epidemia, a dita segunda onda?
É a pergunta a que ninguém consegue responder com segurança, porque ainda
persistem muitas interrogações sobre a nossa interacção com o vírus. Contudo, é
inegável que aprendemos bastante nos últimos seis meses e o que aprendemos
ajuda-nos a identificar os factores que vão ser decisivos para o pós-Verão.
Dispomos ainda de cerca de dois meses para nos prepararmos. Vale a pena fazer o
ponto da situação e reflectir sobre o que será mais importante para as futuras
formas de actuação.
Imunidade da
população
O recente
Inquérito Serológico, realizado à escala nacional pelo Instituto Ricardo Jorge,
sugere que o número de casos diagnosticados de infecção em Portugal representa
menos de 12% do total de infecções ocorridas no país. A maioria das infecções
terá sido assintomática ou com sintomas suaves. Apesar disso, apenas 3% a 5%
dos portugueses terão sido infectados (tendo em atenção que alguns infectados
em Março já não tinham anticorpos detectáveis aquando do Inquérito), o que está
muito longe dos valores em torno de 60% habitualmente apontados para se
alcançar imunidade de grupo.
Saúde pública e
estratégia para o Outono-Inverno
Para preparar o
Outono-Inverno, será conveniente distinguir entre tácticas e estratégia. As
tácticas são em geral consensuais, têm sido referidas também por outros
epidemiologistas e pelas autoridades de saúde. Por exemplo, é consensual que
deveríamos reduzir muito mais a actual incidência de casos antes da chegada do
Outono: uma média de 300 casos por dia é um valor muito alto, não afasta o
risco de descontrolo, dada a capacidade para propagação exponencial deste vírus
na população. É lugar-comum dizer-se que os recursos das equipas de saúde pública
devem ser reforçados, em especial nas zonas urbanas densamente povoadas. Tem
havido melhorias, provavelmente ainda aquém do desejável, mas não vou insistir
neste aspecto. É consensual também a necessidade de medidas de segurança
restritas nas residências de idosos, devido ao elevado risco de hospitalização
destes doentes. A tudo isto adiciona-se a necessidade de evitar ajuntamentos em
recintos fechados, mal ventilados, e a já mencionada necessidade de manter
regras rígidas de higiene, distanciamento e uso de máscaras. É fundamental a
contribuição e o envolvimento de todos os cidadãos para estas tácticas, se
quisermos evitar uma segunda vaga.
CORONAVIRUS ASSAY
Covid-19:
outlook for autumn
Manuel Carmo
Gomes August 3, 2020, 6:01
https://www.publico.pt/2020/08/03/sociedade/ensaio/covid19-perspectivas-outono-1926583
Are we going to see a second wave of the pandemic? We
still have about two months to prepare. Manuel Carmo Gomes, professor of
Epidemiology at the Faculty of Sciences of the University of Lisbon, takes
stock of the situation and reflects on strategies to be adopted in the coming
months.
Entering the
autumn without the prospect of vaccine or effective treatment for covid-19 is currently the main concern of health
authorities in Portugal and throughout the Northern Hemisphere. Will we see a
strong resurgence of the epidemic, the so-called second wave? It is the
question that no one can answer safely, because there are still many questions
about our interaction with the virus. However, it is undeniable that we have
learned a lot in the last six months and what we have learned helps us identify
the factors that will be decisive for the post-summer period. We still have
about two months to prepare. It is worth taking stock of the situation and
reflecting on what will be most important for future forms of action.
Three groups of factors will determine whether the disease will reappear in autumn-winter. The first group has to do with our behavior and the ways of transmitting the virus. The second, with the degree of immunity acquired by the population, particularly the protection acquired by people who have already been infected and their possible reinfection. The third, with the effectiveness of the intervention of health authorities in the context of the resurgence of the epidemic. The first two strands will be addressed here using the scientific knowledge acquired in recent months. The third strand will be addressed with a more personal perspective, entirely debatable and open to scrutiny.
To understand how to avoid contagion, it is essential to first understand how the virus is transmitted. It has long been known that viruses causing respiratory infections are transmitted through droplets emitted by coughing and sneezing. Less well known is the fact that, when we speak, we also emit thousands of droplets, some of which are very small, namely with less than 5 micrometers (the thousandth part of the millimeter), obviously invisible to the naked eye.
In the absence of ventilation, these microscopic droplets can remain in the air for many minutes or even hours and travel to the taste of the dominant airflow. In a controlled experiment, the smaller droplets slowly fell at an average speed of less than 20 cm per minute. The volume of the voice influences the amount of droplets emitted and the distance at which they move: louder voices project more and push droplets further. They have already been filmed with the aid of a laser, estimating that a person emits more than a thousand droplets per second when speaking normally. In a closed environment, with the presence of several people speaking, a cloud is formed that, over time, gradually grows and descends very slowly, a cloud that can easily be inhaled by those present. It has been known for several years that other respiratory viruses, such as influenza, measles, and other coronaviruses can be transported through these droplets, giving rise to what the scientific literature designates, in English, by airborne transmission or simply aerosol transmission.
The new coronavirus is also present in droplets emitted by infected people, including those that are asymptomatic. A recent study directly detected the emission of RNA (genetic material) from the virus at the expiration of five (out of 30) patients with covid-19, estimating that they emitted 1,000 to 100,000 copies of the virus RNA per minute, breathing normally. There are numerous events in which a large number of people were infected by covid-19 in an enclosed space, in a short time, events that can hardly be explained, except by aerosol transmission: choirs, meetings, homes, parties, night clubs, cruise ships and others, restaurants, buses, shared dormitories, factories...
Examples continue to accumulate in the scientific literature. Some were studied using CCTV images and, in one case, the transmission was recreated using gas simulations. All these supertransmission events have in common occur in poorly ventilated spaces, shared by many people for many minutes, who talk and move, contributing to increase the suspended cloud of aerosol particles and sharing their inhalation. In these circumstances, many people can be infected by a single infected, which can be asymptomatic. The subject has also been the subject of mathematical modeling exercises. These suggest that the speed at which the epidemic advanced would hardly be possible without these events, as opposed to forms of contagion in which an infected individual transmits the virus to only one or two people at a time.
Let us remember the three main forms of contagion of covid-19. First, direct physical contact, typified by the hand touching an infected object and then goes to the mouth or eyes. Second, the large droplets that we emit by cough or speech and that fall one or two meters away, although they can be inhaled by a nearby neighbor or may fall on a table, chair, or other object that someone else can touch.
Finally, the aerosol transmission already mentioned. The new habits that, fortunately, most Portuguese assimilated – repeated hand washing, surface disinfection, use of masks (greatly reduces droplet emission), physical distancing – greatly minimize the first two forms of transmission: physical contact and droplets. For this reason, a resurgence of covid-19 at the same rate as we saw in March is unlikely. We now have greater control over the first two forms of transmission. It is essential to maintain these habits that will possibly also contribute to decrease the circulation of other respiratory viruses causing colds, in addition to the flu itself.
Aerosol transmission is more problematic. From autumn, people gradually increase the time spent indoors, poorly ventilated, creating conditions for this route of transmission. A mask is useful because it blocks most droplets emanating from those who wear it. However, if it is not a professional respirator, it does not prevent inhalation of very small droplets. Our success in avoiding a second wave will depend in part on our ability to minimize aerosol contagion. It is important to identify in advance the environments in which it may occur, avoid them when possible, and minimize damage when it is not possible, for example through natural ventilation, the use of air-renewing appliances, and the careful use of indoor masks. Regular space ventilation makes all the difference.
Immunity of the
population
The recent
Serological Survey, conducted nationwide by the Ricardo Jorge Institute, suggests
that the number of diagnosed cases of infection in Portugal represents less
than 12% of the total number of infections in the country. Most infections will
have been asymptomatic or with mild symptoms. Despite this, only 3% to 5% of
Portuguese will have been infected (bearing in mind that some infected in March
no longer had detectable antibodies at the time of the Survey), which is a far
cry from the values around 60% usually pointed out to achieve group immunity.
In other words, the population immunity acquired so far will not be enough to prevent a second wave. This result was expected, and it is now important to know whether people who were infected but remained asymptomatic or had mild disease may or may not be reinfected by the virus. The answer is not yet known. However, what we learn about our immune system's response to this virus indicates that it is unlikely that, in case of reinfection, people will develop severe or even moderate disease. The following two paragraphs state the reasons for this statement.
It is well established that patients with covid-19 develop neutralising antibodies to the SARS-Cov-2 virus. Several studies, however, have shown that antibodies greatly decrease their concentration in the blood over approximately two to three months after recovery from the disease. The decay of antibodies is faster in people who had no symptoms (but had a positive test result) and those who had mild symptoms. This decay has sometimes been somewhat dramatized; however, it is normal to decay antibodies some time after a viral infection, it is not new. The important question is: if the person is reinfected, does his immune system have a secondary antibody response that prevents contracting the disease again? This secondary response is common in other viruses, but it is still unknown whether it occurs with SARS-Cov-2 and, mainly, it is unknown to what extent it depends on the severity of the clinical picture in the first infection. Experiments in infected and reinfected monkeys suggest that yes, i.e. immunity is expected to occur at least in people who have had covid-19 with moderate or severe symptoms. For the asymptomatic, there are still many uncertainties and this is a concern to be taken into account.
The immune system's response to coronaviruses is complex. All coronaviruses that infect humans (there are six more, in addition to SARS-Cov-2) give rise to a protective response based on antibodies. Coronaviruses that cause severe disease (SARS and MERS), in parallel, trigger a response based on so-called T cells, known as cellular immunity. Over time, antibodies decay faster than T cells. Antibodies in the blood of people who were infected with coronavirus SARS in 2003, for example, have dropped to very low levels after two to three years, however, T cells have been detected in these people after 17 years after infection with SARS. We now know that patients with covid-19, in addition to antibodies, also develop cellular immunity and, it seems, this protection is likely to be long-lasting.
Again, patients who have moderate or severe disease exhibit, in addition to antibodies, also stronger and more effective cellular immunity. It is suspected, moreover, that the severity of the disease is a consequence of a late and too exacerbated response of T cells migrating to the lower respiratory tract. If confirmed, we can say that if, on the one hand, it is risky to have a strong T-cell response because it can aggravate the disease, on the other hand, after recovering, it is likely that a former covid-19 severe patient will be protected more effectively and lastingly than an asymptomatic infected. But there is good news: recent studies suggest that asymptomatics infected with the new coronavirus also develop cellular immunity and, at the moment, this finding feeds the hope that the asymptomatic, at the very least, do not develop severe disease if they are reinfected. Time will tell. We still have a lot to learn about this virus.
Public health and
autumn-winter strategy
To prepare
autumn-winter, it will be appropriate to distinguish between tactics and
strategy. Tactics are generally consensual, they have also been referred to by
other epidemiologists and health authorities. For example, it is agreed that we
should reduce much more the current incidence of cases before the autumn is
due: an average of 300 cases per day is a very high value, it does not rule out
the risk of uncontrollable, given the ability to spread this virus
exponentially in the population. It is common place to say that the resources
of public health teams should be strengthened, especially in densely populated
urban areas. There have been improvements, probably still below the desirable,
but I will not insist on this. There is also consensus on the need for strict
security measures in the homes of the elderly, due to the high risk of
hospitalization of these patients. To all this is added the need to avoid
gatherings indoors, poorly ventilated, and the aforementioned need to maintain
strict rules of hygiene, distancing and use of masks. The contribution and
involvement of all citizens to these tactics is essential if we are to avoid a
second wave.
With regard to the strategy, I share the view already expressed by other epidemiologists that Portugal should speed up public health interventions on covid-19 by transferring decisions to the local level. If each municipality has a set of simple and clear guidelines that must be applied to the epidemiological situation experienced in the municipality, these guidelines can be applied immediately by local health authorities, without waiting for decisions emanating from Lisbon. There are two major advantages: first, the speed of action; second, the sense of responsibility that local people must acquire in the face of the epidemiological situation experienced in their community and its consequences. The guidelines mentioned cannot be exhaustive, but they should include a list on how to act on issues that we already know require decision-making: homes, schools, public transport, public events, cafes and recreational associations, sanitary fences.
General containment measures, centrally emanating, covering large geographical areas and with great social and economic damage, are unlikely to be justified. It would be a very bad sign to go back there. We now move on to localized interventions, in which a gradation of measures tailored to the needs and specificities of each community is used. What is the role of central and regional health authorities in this strategy? Two roles appear to be very important for everything to work well.
The first is technological. Portugal should have a covid-19 risk map, updated daily, automatically, to help each municipality to know in real time its epidemiological situation and that of neighboring municipalities. One solution perhaps possible is the connection of the current Sinave (system used for notification of infectious diseases by clinicians in real time), or a revised Sinave, to a "friendly" interface available to local authorities, which presents daily the risk of disease, with a geographical resolution at least at the municipal level. The second role for central and regional authorities is to help local authorities adjust the general guidelines mentioned above to each specific situation. Eventually, in more serious epidemiological situations, the complementation of local public health teams with the sending of mobile teams to assist in the tracking of contacts, in the applications of tests and in the isolation of confirmed cases.
Covid-19 generated a collective health crisis. Unlike other collective threats, such as climate threats, it has the particularity of making us feel very quickly and with close proximity the consequences of not being disciplined participants in their combat every day. The final solution to this crisis will be based on science and will take the form of a therapy or a vaccine. Until this solution arrives, we know what needs to be done to mitigate the crisis, we are better prepared and more informed, it is indispensable to use the knowledge we have acquired.
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