The
Portuguese Miracle
How Lisbon Has Managed the Corona Crisis
While Spain continues to battle a dire coronavirus
outbreak, the situation is vastly better in neighboring Portugal. But why?
By
Alexander Smoltczyk in Lisbon
09.04.2020,
18:12 Uhr
There are a
number of different theories for why the coronavirus has caused so much less
suffering in Portugal than in neighboring Spain. The hardest to disprove is the
following: "We have Fátima. The Spanish don't have anything like it."
The
reference is to the pilgrimage site of Fátima, located between Lisbon and
Coimbra. In 1917, the Virgin Mary appeared to three shepherd boys there on
several occasions, entrusting three secrets to them - including, allegedly, the
attempted assassination of Pope John Paul II in 1981.
"When
a friend told me of this theory, I realized how much damage the virus has
already done to people's minds," says António de Sousa Mendes, a retiree
with a grand family history. As the consulate in Bordeaux, his father saved
thousands of people from the Nazis and arranged for their escape through Spain
to Lisbon. "For me, it's like a flashback to the year 1940," says
Sousa Mendes over the phone. "The huge number of deaths across the border
in Spain. The lines at the border crossing." The only difference being
that they are now waiting in mobile homes instead of in horse carts, back when
Portugal was the final sanctuary for many Europeans fleeing the oncoming German
army.
Knowing this
history also helps understand the Portuguese government's decision - unique in
Europe – to allow access to the country's health-care system for all migrants
and refugees whose asylum requests have not yet be resolved.
A Better
Response
It was the
fear of developments similar to those seen in Spain that drove Portugal to
adopt precautionary measures early on. In early March, President Marcelo Rebelo
de Sousa was the first head of state to go into voluntary quarantine. Luckily,
it was a false alarm, but it served its purpose as a warning. Supermarket
chains like Pingo, Doce, Continente and Lidl began only allowing small groups
of customers inside at a time. Shoppers were surprisingly disciplined and the
darker the news from Madrid, Barcelona and Milan grew, the larger became the
distances between people waiting in line.
As of
Thursday, Portugal had 13,141 confirmed cases of COVID-19 with 380 people
having died from the disease. With a population of 10 million, those numbers
aren't bad at all. Despite a less robust health-care system - Portugal has 6.4
intensive-care beds per 100,000 residents versus Germany's 33.9 – the mortality
rate among coronavirus patients stands at 2.7 percent.
In Spain,
by contrast, the mortality rate is 9.8 percent – with 10 times the number of
positive cases. The result: the number of fatalities is almost 40 times as high
in Spain as in Portugal. Every new statistical report coming from Johns Hopkins
University provides yet more confirmation that Lisbon's response has been
better than its big brother Madrid.
In
Portugal, 87 percent of those who have died were over 70 years old and
two-thirds were over 80, numbers that are similar to statistics elsewhere. The
vast majority of suspected cases or patients with mild symptoms are kept at
home, amounting to 85 percent of those who have tested positive. It is a
prudent strategy, given that in northern Italy, the virus frequently spread in
hospitals, despite all of the precautions.
"It is
fear that has led to people behaving relatively responsibly," says Ana
Girbal, an epidemiologist in Lisbon and director general at the Portugal branch
of the Italian pharmaceuticals company Italfarmaco. Most of her staff are now
working from home. "The state is paying 66 percent of people's salaries if
they have children to care for," she says.
No Vapor
Trails in the Sky
Self-discipline,
the early reaction from public institutions and the country's geographical
location at the edge of Europe may be the primary reasons for the relatively
mild outbreak in Portugal thus far. In addition, no mass events have been held
in the country recently, such as the March 8 Women's Day demonstration in
Madrid. And there is a further possible explanation: In contrast to Spain and
Italy, seniors in Portugal are generally vaccinated against tuberculosis. A
recent study has found a possible correlation between countries where such a
vaccine is mandatory and a lower COVID-19 morbidity rate.
Ever since
country declared a national emergency on March 18, the city of Lisbon has been
unrecognizable. Or, to be more precise, it can once again be recognized as the
special place it once was. The tuk tuks are gone as are the drunk tourists on
Rossio Square. The souvenir shops have closed, the cruise ships are absent, and
the mobs of tourists have thinned out.
There are
no vapor trails in the sky, no honking, no laughing and in the evenings, only
rarely does one hear a car in the old town. It's just the screeching of the
seagulls and, these days, the sound of the wind.
A
completely empty streetcar 28 rumbles past the cathedral. Avenida da Liberdade,
Lisbon's answer to the Champs-Elysées, looked on Saturday as though it was the
set for a post-apocalypse film. The center of the boulevard was left to the
joggers, the homeless and the cats, but everything else was completely empty.
Airplanes flying in have become an exotic sight and those who can have headed
for the countryside. Three-quarters of the restaurants and hotels in Portugal
are closed.
An Economic
Disaster
Most air
and sea connections to Madeira and the Azores have been cancelled and most
border crossings to Spain are also closed. Instead of 500 international flights
taking off from Portugal each day, there are just 24, including only a single
connection to Germany. All airports have been closed over the Easter holiday
weekend and trips to other cities are prohibited - part of the effort to limit
the traditional Easter visits of Portuguese living abroad.
"The
banks are indebted to the country."
President
Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa
From an
economic point of view, of course, all of these measures are disastrous,
especially for a city like Lisbon, which has only just managed to recover from
the dark days of the financial crisis, largely thanks to tourism. Indeed, the
corona crisis has struck Portugal just as the most important economic
indicators began rising and an "economic miracle" was being evoked.
The country's budget deficit is lower than it has been in decades, unemployment
has been on the decline and austerity measures recently loosened. And now this.
President
Rebelo de Sousa has demanded the bank sector provide loan assistance for small
and family-owned companies. Referring to the bank bailouts of 2015, he said:
"The banks are indebted to the country. Every Portuguese contributed (back
then) to keeping the banks from collapsing."
The Social
Democratic Prime Minister António Costa, for his part, has been reserved in
joining calls from his Italian and Spanish counterparts for corona bonds,
opting for a milder tone: "We aren't clinging to names or descriptions
like some magic fetish," he said last week. The most important thing, he
said, is that the EU holds together - and the first steps toward that goal have
already been taken. The moderate tone, of course, can partially be explained by
the fact that Portuguese Finance Minister Mário Centeno is head of the Euro
Group.
But the
country also has a certain hard-boiled approach to catastrophes. Portugal
survived the financial crisis just as it did the earthquake of 1755. "Bury
the dead and feed the survivors," were the orders allegedly delivered back
then by the Prime Minister, the Marques de Pombal. A monument to him stands in
the center of Lisbon.
One of the
first measures taken by the Lisbon city administration was to waive rent
payments until the end of June for all renters in publicly owned housing. Food
coops have been set up along with shelters for the homeless and the validity of
monthly public-transportation tickets has been extended.
On
Thursday, Prime Minister Costa was to announce whether schools might be
reopened in early May on a trial basis. They might even go back into operation
on May 13, the anniversary of the Virgin Mary appearance in Fátima. The
day of miracles. You never know.
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