Brexit Day?
EU says UK left long ago
Britain was
never fully in the EU, and it may never be fully out either.
By DAVID M.
HERSZENHORN AND MAÏA DE LA BAUME 1/30/20, 3:11 PM CET Updated 1/31/20, 6:17 AM
CET
The future
relationship may be still somewhere in the future, but the post-Brexit EU is
already here — it took shape long before Brexit day as the Brits, for most
practical purposes, made their exit ages ago.
When the EU
wakes up Saturday morning and the U.K. is finally gone, it will be less a
moment that marks threshold change, than an occasion to reflect on how the bloc
has already adapted to its new reality.
Even as the
Brexit process was hopelessly deadlocked in Westminster, Brussels was adjusting
its postures on issues like enlargement, and security and defense — becoming
more reluctant to accept new members (something Britain long championed) and
displaying more openness to military cooperation (something Britain
historically opposed).
There is
also a new, if uncertain, balance-of-power, as a taut zipline between Paris and
Berlin has replaced the triangle in which the Brits served as the overly
apologizing mediator between the spend-happy French and the austere Germans.
As the U.K.
pulled back, new coalitions of like-minded EU countries formed, for example,
among the Netherlands, Ireland and the Nordics, to replace the British instinct
for more liberal, mercantilist economic policies.
Breaking up
is hard to do. Unless, of course, breaking up is what you have been doing for
three years and 221 days, in which case, it rather becomes second nature.
But while
the British departure created a clear opening for France’s more statist
tendencies, Paris has not quite capitalized on it — in part, officials, said
because French President Emmanuel Macron, a former banker, is personally more
liberal-minded than many of his predecessors, and in part because Berlin, the
Hague and other capitals have dug in their heels.
And while
the U.K.’s retreat has put greater weight and focus on the (always weighty)
views of Germany and France, it has not brought demonstrably swifter, or more
efficient, decision-making. Brexit has yielded greater EU unity in the most
existential sense — even harsh critics of Brussels rarely talk about quitting
the bloc anymore — but it has not healed fierce divisions in areas like foreign
policy, or cooled the manifold internal rivalries like the persistent rift
between East and West.
The U.K.’s
exit from EU policy debates has also put the lie to some long-standing tropes,
for instance that London provided a special bridge to Washington D.C., or that
Britain was the primary obstacle to greater security and defense cooperation.
On U.S. relations,
Macron has arguably proved the closest link to President Donald Trump, and the
U.K.’s own post-Brexit aspirations have forced No. 10 to make clear some sharp
disagreements with the U.S., such as on climate change or more recently on
cybersecurity in relation to Huawei, the Chinese tech firm.
On security
and defense, the EU’s efforts have advanced, but only at a snail’s pace. It has
become clear that other issues — including Germany’s reticence to become a
military power in its own right and the fierce priority placed on NATO by the
Baltics — provide just as formidable barriers as any sentiment emanating from
London in recent years.
Only in
Parliament has the British presence been felt continuously to the end — but
mainly as individual contributions.
Several
officials said that the British absence was felt especially keenly during the
debate over opening accession talks with Albania and North Macedonia.
The U.K.,
which had been a champion of EU enlargement in the past, expressed support for
the two western Balkans nations. But London did not get involved in the tense
exchanges that ultimately resulted in France leading an effort, also joined by
Denmark and the Netherlands, that blocked a plan to immediately start
negotiations with both countries.
Breaking up
is hard to do
Exactly
when the U.K. actually left the EU is a matter of some debate in Brussels. But
for sure, officials and diplomats say, it happened long before the official
witching hour of midnight this Friday (or 11 p.m. in the U.K.).
Put another
way: breaking up is hard to do. Unless, of course, breaking up is what you have
been doing for three years and 221 days, in which case, it rather becomes
second nature.
Asked to
pick out a de facto departure date, EU officials and diplomats point to several
possibilities. For some, it was the referendum in 2016; for others when then
Prime Minister Theresa May laid out her red lines; for others, it was in
September, when Prime Minister Boris Johnson told officials to stop attending
meetings.
“For a long
time they were abstaining, then they stopped coming,” one diplomat said.
In the
Commission, Britain’s significant role largely ended when Jonathan Hill quit as
the EU’s financial services chief on June 25, 2016 — two days after Leave
prevailed in the Brexit referendum.
In the
Council, the U.K. has long abstained from many votes, or simply acquiesced if
unanimity was required.
Only in
Parliament has the British presence been felt continuously to the end — but
mainly as individual contributions, in leadership roles on specific committees,
or as voices on particular issues. As a divided national delegation, the Brits’
main contribution, to the very end, was to add rancor and raucousness to
debates about Brexit.
Former
French President Charles de Gaulle originally blocked the UK from joining the
EU | Keystone/Getty Images
“They have
been in a leaving mood for quite some time,” a senior EU diplomat said.
For some,
the U.K.’s departure offered posthumous vindication for French President
Charles de Gaulle, proving he was right to initially block Britain from joining
the EU more than 40 years ago, and that the U.K. from the very beginning never
really fit in.
The U.K.’s
unwillingness to join the euro common currency, and its constant demands for
exemptions from various EU policies, not to mention its demand for budget
rebates, only reinforced the perception it was an outsider virtually from the
moment it got in.
Pierre
Sellal, a veteran French diplomat who served two stints as the Elysée’s
ambassador to the EU, said that he might pinpoint the U.K.’s departure, at
least in spirit, to 1993, when former Prime Minister John Major decided to
obtain an opt-out from the “social chapter,” a protocol attached to the Maastricht
Treaty that laid out broad social policy goals.
“For me,
they started leaving when they preferred an opt-out strategy to a continued
presence aimed at influencing political content,” Sellal said. “Those were the
first signs of what was going to happen down the road.”
Then,
interrupting himself, he said: “The exit took place even before that” — in
1975, just two years after the U.K. joined the European Economic Community,
when it held a referendum on whether to continue membership. Remain scored a
decisive victory in that contest, with 67.23 percent preferring to stay,
compared with 32.77 percent who wanted to quit.
“The
country has always been profoundly divided in its membership to the EU,” Sellal
said, adding: “From the origins, the position was wobbly.”
Auld lang
syne
Asked what
they will miss most about the U.K., EU officials and diplomats were quicker to
answer. For many, Britain’s role in foreign affairs and security policy tops
the list.
“Their
intelligence,” one EU diplomat said, before quickly clarifying that she was not
in fact intending to call the British smart, but rather referring to the U.K.’s
spy services and its extensive network of embassies, diplomats and intelligence
operatives around the globe.
While large
questions marks still hang over the so-called future relationship, as with
everything in Brexit, predicting what lies ahead requires looking backward. A
free-trade deal, if one is reached, will be the first such agreement in history
in which the parties start with closer relations and alignment than where they
expect to finish.
Politically,
some officials say that the U.K.’s work on the Iran nuclear agreement, of which
it is a co-guarantor along with Germany and France (as well as Russia and
China) could serve as a model for cooperation on foreign policy and security
issues going forward. The U.K. will still be a permanent member of the U.N.
Security Council, and officials in London and Brussels repeatedly stress that
EU and U.K. values and interests remain perfectly in sync.
Similarly,
officials said there is every reason to expect that the EU and U.K. would
continue to see eye-to-eye on sanctions policy, particularly as it relates to
Russia. The same appears to be true about climate policy.
Or that’s
what some officials on the British side seem to hope. The EU side seems a bit
more divided, with some still eager to illustrate there is a price to pay for
quitting.
However it
plays out, U.K.-EU relations post Brexit might not be much different than
EU-U.K. relations pre-Brexit. Britain as an EU member with its many “opt-outs”
could eventually be an EU non-member with many “opt-ins.”